A

15 vears of service to numismatics

NI

BULLETIN

V o I ii ni e 14 N n ni b e r 2 Price • • • • One Dollar

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

FEATURES

Hitler Election Tokens - The Struggle to Power,

by Darrel J. Doll 40

REUTERC-ELD: an adjunct to notgeld, by W. A. Haskell 44

DEPARTMENTS

Book Reviews 58

Contents of the NI Reference Collection 43

From the Mailbox 37

Member Notice Page 64

New Issues 52

INSIDE N.I.

Donations Report 35

Editor's Comer 36

Librarian's Report 36

Membership Chairman's Report 35

1980 Dues 35

OTHER ITEMS

Correction 39

Justin II & Sophia 565-578 A.D., by I. C. G. Campbell 54

New Variety of Sudanese Minor Coins, by Dannie J. Williams 57

Note on the Proposed UNESCO Ban, by I. C. G. Car,rpbell 51

Numismatic Publications in India and Sir Lanka,

by David G. Briggs 53

Paper Money of the Imperial Pahlavi Dynasty of Iran,

by John G. Humphris 47

The Annual Bulletins of the Turkish Numismatic Society,

by I. C. G. Campbell 55

Wanted, Urgently! 43

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Copyrighted by Nunii»mat ics I n t er nal ion al,PO.Box 30013 . Dal I as .Tex as , |!SA

FEBRUARY 1980

BOARD OF GOVERNORS

CARL YOUNG

Chairman & Past-President

CHARLES MUCHMORE, JR. President

WALTER LEONARD Secretary

DON DOUGLAS

Vice-President

ELMORE B. SCOTT

Treasurer & Past-President

C. C. ANDREWS

At-Large Director

WILLIAM C. BRADY

At-Large Director

PHILIP L. LAWRENCE

At-Large Director

WILLIAM E. BENSON KARY T. EDWARDS

MARVIN L. FRALEY JACK E. LEWIS

ROSS SCHRAEDER JOHN E. VANDIGRIFF

Past-Presidents

APPOINTED STAFF

Curator, NI REFERENCE COLLECTION Philip L. Lawrence

Editor, NI BULLETIN Marvin L. Fraley 2813 - 57th St.

Lubbock, TX 79413

Index Compiler, NI BULLETIN Sydney W. Beaney Toronto, Ontario, Canada

Librarian, NI LIBRARY Granvyl G. Hulse, Jr.

30 Pleasant St.

Colebrook, N.H. 03576

Mail Bid Sales Carl Young P. 0. Box 1836 Dallas, TX 75221

Membership Chairman Ross Schraeder

NI Publications Chairman John E. Vandigriff

Photographer, NI BULLETIN Colin Tuttle

6001 N. Brookline, Apt. 513 Oklahoma City, Okla. 73112

Program Chairman Don Douglas

Publicity Chairman

Charles Muchmore, Jr.

Correspondence should be directed to those persons and addresses above for departments indicated. All other correspondence should be mailed direct to NUMISMATICS INTERNATIONAL, P. 0. BOX 30013, DALLAS, TX 75230.

PUBLICATION DEADLINE: The Friday following the first Wednesday of each month is the deadline for submitting material for the following month's issue of the NI BULLETIN .

MEMBERSHIP FEE: Individual & Club Membership - $10.00 Annually.

Junior Membership (18 years of age and under) - $7.00 Annually.

Senior Membership (70 years of age and over) - $7.00 Annually.

Write to NUMISMATICS INTERNATIONAL, P. 0. BOX 30013, DALLAS, TX 75230 USA for information concerning membership in NI.

34

INSIDE N.l.

MEMBERSHIP CHAIRMAN’S REPORT

February 1980 Applications for Membership: The following persons have

applied for membership. If no written objections are received by April 1, 1980, their membership will become effective on that date.

(MT = Mail Trader)

1582- MT Ronald Low, 282-B Joo Chiat Road, Singapore, 1542, Republic of

Singapore — (Gold Coins of the World, World Crowns)

1583- MT Frantisek Sedlacek, Janosikova 1228/78, Proha 4, KRC 142 00,

Czechoslovakia — (United Kingdom, Br. Commonwealth, Mexico, US)

1584- MT C. Jan Bubela, 3400 First Int . Building, Dallas, TX 75270

(Medieval Bohemia, Austria, France, Indian States,

Latin American Crowns)

1585- MT Simcha Kuritzky, 5403 Mad River Road, Columbia, Md. 21044

(World Coins, Currency, Tokens)

1586- MT Mr. Christian Achain , 1 Rue Claude Bernard, 60100 Nogent/Oise,

France — (World Types)

REINSTATEMENT : The following member has complied with the By-Laws

and is hereby reinstated to full membership:

1291-MT Dr. Yahya Berkman, 360 East 72nd St., Apt. 3001, N.Y., N.Y. 10021 — (Islamic Coins, Seljuk)

1980 DUES: All members who have not paid their 1980 dues are reminded

that they were due by January 31, 1980 and you are now in arrears.

All mailings to members with unpaid dues will be suspended shortly.

*****

DONATIONS REPORT: We wish to acknowledge the following donations re-

ceived since the last report:

	Donation and
Name	Stated Value	Preference of Use
BORKOWSKI, Kenneth D.	$3.00 Cash	NI BULLETIN Fund
CARPENTER, Dale S.	$2.00 Cash	General Operating Fund
EGLSEER, Wilhelm R.	$2.00 Cash	General Operating Fund
EISEN, Stuart E.	$5.00 Cash	NI BULLETIN Fund
F0RW00D, Edmund	$5.00 Cash	General Operating Fund
FRALEY, Marvin L.	$5.00 Cash	NI BULLETIN Fund
FRALEY, Marvin L.	$100.00 Cash	General Operating Fund
MULLAN, Bill	$10.00 Cash	General Operating Fund
NEAL, Wyatt W. , Sr.	$5.00 Cash	General Operating Fund
SMITH, M. C.	$5.00 Cash	General Operating Fund
WRIGHT, Wra. H.	$3.00 Cash	General Operating Fund

35

LIBRARIAN'S REPORT

I. No new editions to our Library this month but we did receive from Richard Hanscom two works on The Netherlands that supplemented two al- ready on the shelves. Duplicates help and we are pleased to receive them for we prefer to keep two copies of each work so that we do not have to delay any requests. Duplicate copies over and above are gen- erally traded with other libraries for their excess that we do not hav

II. In addition to the above, Richard also sent us copies of a local numismatic bulletin. This is something that we haven't mentioned in the past but we are interested in receiving copies of other numismatic organizations periodicals.

III. We also received another large shipment of price lists and sale catalogs from Lauren Benson (those members doing business with him should mention their thanks for his support of HI) . For reference pur- poses, we are especially interested in catalogs (both domestic and foreign) that also contain good photographs of the coins being sold.

We have now arranged for these catalogs and price lists in excess of our needs to be shipped to the American Numismatic Association for their use. We might add, however, that our members have first choice and if any of our readers are in need of specific catalogs or magazines please let us know and we will be glad to make them available to you in exchange for postage and handling.

IV. The Library is in need of the following books for its collection:

a. The Silver Benelux 3 by A. Delmonte.

b. Medieval English Jetons, by George Berry.

c. Anglo-Gallic Coiris , by Hewlett.

d. Historical Atlas , by Shepherd.

The Library is still very weak in the English token section and any help that we can get from our members will be appreciated.

Granvyl G. Hulse, Jr.

NI Librarian

*****

EDITOR'S CORNER

While we still have a good supply of material on hand, we can always use articles. Material on all subjects is welcome (except U.S. numis- matics), so please consider NI with your next (or first) article. Following is a partial listing of articles coming in future issues.

"The Ten Yen U.S. Propaganda Forgeries of the Pacific War", by Dr. Felix D. Bertalanffy.

"Early Writers on Coins of Asia", by David G. Briggs.

"Canadian Trade Dollars: a fascinating new field in Canadian numis- matics", by Jerry Remick and Serge Pelletier.

"Turkish F.A.O. Coins", by Giivendik Figekgioglu.

"The Demise of the Very Popular Venezuelan 5 Bolivar Note", by Harold A. Rodriguez.

36

FROM THE MAILBOX

Questions misleading monetary values published in December issue

Regarding the selling rates for banknotes of the world (NI BULLETIN 3 December 1979, pp42i-424), Jerry Remick frequently gets these tables published in many numismatic journals, but they can be misleading for certain countries, and in some cases the rates quoted are absolutely wrong! Some countries have not one, but two or even three rates of exchange, which may differ widely. It should also be pointed out that these rates are those for market prices for selling notes in the U.S.A. and these rates may be very different from the official selling rates set by the individual countries themselves. This will affect the col- lector who wishes to buy directly from the country itself, or the deal- er who wants to import directly from the country. Also of great im- portance, but not mentioned by Jerry Remick, is that many countries forbid the export and import of their notes, particularly the communist countries, so it is against their law to send notes to collectors or dealers who may order notes or coins from them. In these cases, the rates of exchange quoted in the table are merely nominal as far as paper money is concerned: the paper money of these countries is tech- nically valueless once it is outside the country of issue! The rates of exchange apply only to commercial transactions, that is, book ac- counts, and not to hard cash in the form of paper money and coins.

Some of the rates quoted apply only if you take U.S. paper money into the country yourself and exchange it for the country's paper money on the spot at official exchangers. This is often called the tourist's discount rate. The rate would not apply if you tried to buy something by mail. The difference, between the tourist rate and official com- mercial rate can sometimes be more than 50%.

There are a few countries which have a general "free” rate, applicable to non-commercial transactions of any sort, and officially recognized by the government. When this "free" rate is not recognized officially, it is called a "black market rate". This rate can only be obtained by visiting the country and exchanging any "strong" or "hard" currency secretly on the streets for the local paper money. Collectors and dealers do this at their own risk, especially when it is prohibited to export the paper money of the country.

A few countries have different exchange rates for different commodities or purposes, and these may total as many as five or six different rates of exchange!

All the above remarks apply to "soft" or "weak" monetary units, or those of communist countries, or those countries which prohibit the export of their paper money; or any combination of two or three of these factors. These varying rates do not apply to the "hard" or "strong" currencies of Western Europe, parts of the Americas, and parts of the Pacific region, and to nearly all the countries' currenc- ies quoted in the daily financial newspapers.

Except in the above instance, the rates of exchange quoted in Remick 's article are not to be taken as a basis for ordering paper money or coins directly from the country, or calculating the face value of a note compared with the price it is being offered for sale to collectors.

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In some cases the cost of smuggling notes out of a country, at great risk to the smuggler, more than accounts for any difference between the official rate of exchange and any black market rate which the person obtains.

To give one example of different rates in 1971: in India, the official

rate was 7.50 rupees to the U.S. dollar, both for commercial trans- actions and tourists, but a tourist could obtain 10 rupees to the dol- lar by exchanging U.S. paper money on the streets and in stores. For large transactions of this nature the black market rate was around 14 rupees to the dollar. Two years later, after two devaluations of the dollar, the dollar fetched only the same rate on the black market as the free rate in 1971: 10 rupees, and the free rate was 9 rupees,

the official rate was around 7.50, as before.

One of the rates which is quoted in the table on page 423 is completely erroneous, because the currency does not exist! It has not existed now for nearly five years! This is the Cambodian riel, quoted at $0.0008, or 1,250 riels = $1.

After the communist conquest of Cambodia in April, 1975, there has been no money in use, by order of the government. The communists put two shells into the National Bank of Cambodia, put an armed guard on it, and closed it off. Shortly afterwards, all people were evacuated from the cities and put to work on the land, and a moneyless "economy" was enforced. A television report in early 1979 showed the National Bank of Cambodia as it is now: a gutted building with the top floor

shelled, exactly as it was in April 1975. The report also showed soldiers camping in the lower floor, and using the paper money as fuel for their cooking pots. The walls of the bank were still lined with unopened crates of paper money. Some crates had been opened and the television crew were wading ankle deep in worthless paper money! One of the crew picked up a handful of notes which consisted of 100 riels and 500 riels (Pick 11, 12 and 16). There were also crates of notes which had never been issued because the communists took over be- fore they could be released. These were reported to be a new design for the 100 riel note, and a new denomination of 1,000 riels (some of which have appeared on the collector's market during the past year).

The old communist government has been replaced this year by a new one, backed by North Viet-Namese forces, but a new television report shown last October showed that there was no money in use in Cambodia, even now. The actual standard of exchange in the newly established markets was one kilogram of rice (imported from Viet-Nam) . It was reported that 10 kilograms (about 22 pounds) of rice could buy one kilogram of meat.

Such has been the monetary situation in Cambodia during the past five years, nearly. There is no such money as a riel, quoted at "$0.0008" in the table of exchange rates on page 423 of the December NI BULLETIN ! This was, in fact, the rate of exchange in April 1975 when 1,200 riels were being given for a U.S. dollar until the communists took over the government, after which there was no rate of exchange, and no money in use .

John G. Humphris

Sidney, Ohio

38

Seeking help on rare and scarce U.S.S.R. coins

HELP WANTED! Knowledge of U.S.S.R. coins in your collection or in dealers' stock. Soviet coins that are listed as rare or priced in the extra fine column at over $100 in the 19H0 edition of the Stand- ard Catalog of World Coins. DO THEY EXIST?

All replies will be kept in the strictest confidence and individually answered with the results of this poll. In addition, numbers and in- formation received will be reported gratis to the numismatic press, organizations and catalog publishers, to bring the community up-to-date. Additional information on this series is needed!

For those who wish to contact me my address is: Eli A. Homza, 308 Scene Ridge Road, McKeesport, PA 15133, USA. I am a member of the Russian Numismatic Society, NI, OIN, ANA and others. As a collector, I would like to correct the lack of information on the coinage of the Soviet Union.

An example is the silver coinage of 1931 consisting of the 10, 15, and 20 kopeks. Mintage in the millions are reported! Harris, Holmasto, Kaim and others list these in all grades in the catalogs. Yet in five years of concentrated searching the world over I have not found ANYONE who has SEEN specimens of these coins. DO THEY EXIST? Wouldn't it be nice to know?

At about the time I began my search, COIN WORLD (July 10, 1974) report- ed the finding of an apparently genuine Soviet 20 kopek of 1934 in East Germany. Robert P. Harris lists the piece in his Guidebook of Russian Coins as only TWO specimens known, on a reported mintage of over seventy million. DO OTHERS EXIST? Wouldn't it be nice to know?

In addition, I would like to report if anyone has seen specimens of "mules" such as are priced in the Standard Catalog of World Coins or patterns that were made during the various Soviet coinage reforms.

For example, the 25 kopek dated 1955 as reported by I. V. Victorov- Orlov in the NI BULLETIN (Jan. 1976, p30).

To paraphrase the international class-war revolutionary slogan: "Work-

ers of the World, UNITE!' found on some pre-1935 coins of the Soviet Union. Let me say, "COLLECTORS OF THE WORLD, UNITE!". Let me know if you have, or have seen any of these coins. Tf the catalog listings are erroneous or lack information, NOW is the time to correct them.

Eli Andres Homza McKeesport, Pennsylvania

******************************** * * * * ************** * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *

CORRECTION - CORRECTION - CORRECTION - CORRECTION - CORRECTION

As two NI members have already pointed out to us, your editor made a "beaut of a typo" on thp next to last line on page 433 of the December issue. In Rev. I. C. G. Campbell’s review of the JOURNAL OF THE NUMIS- MATIC SOCIETY OF INDIA , his wording was "auspicious" instead of our typo "suspicious1 . Our apologies to Rev. Campbell and others who could not make sense out of the wording.

Editor .

39

HITLER ELECTION TOKENS ■ THE STRUGGLE TO POWER

by Darrel J. Doll3 Besseribach, Germany 3 NI § 1487

Soon after Hitler's unsuccessful Putsch, he realized than an armed re- volt would never again be feasible. Now he thought he would let the German people put him in power, legally.

During Hitler's trial he decided to use every opportunity to announce his political views. The judge was moved as Hitler received an extreme ly light sentence, 5 years in the Lansberg Fortress prison and to be eligible for parole in 6 months. General Ludendorf got off free.

On May 4, 1924, the Reichstag elections were held. Although official- ly banned, the National Socialists Democratic Workers Party, or NSDAP as it was known, was able to win 32 seats. The German Chancellor Marx, however, wished to broaden his political base so he could rule with a majority of the Reichstag. When the other parties refused to join him, he dissolved the Reichstag. A new election was held on December 7, 1924. Because of the Dawes Plan aiding the German economy, the radical left and right parties lost out. The Nazis lost 14 seats. Hitler was pardoned by the new government and was home in time for Christmas, serv ing only 8 and one-half months of his 5 year sentence.

While in prison, Hitler was treated like a king. He had the best food, plenty of reading material, a valet and a secretary. He started his book Mein Kampf (My Struggle) and still directed, although not as tightly, the Nazi maneuvers.

On May 20, 1928, the Reichstag was dissolved over an insignificant education issue. The Nazis lost 100,000 votes and 2 seats.

After the United States stock market crash of 1929 and the economic depression which followed it, foreign aid to Germany was greatly re- duced. German Chancellor Bruning decided that what Germany needed was more tougher measures to see her through the crisis. When Bruning could not receive any support for his program due to a coalition of Nazis, Communists, Nationalists and Social Democrats, he dissolved the Reichstag. Voting for the 5th Reichstag took place on September 14, 1930 with the Nazis gaining 95 more seats making them the second larg- est party.

On July 31, 1932, voting for the 6th Reichstag took place with the Nazis gaining 123 more seats. This was due largely to the worsening economic times being felt in Germany. The Nazis were now the leading party but not quite attaining the needed majority.

Herman Goring, Hitler's right hand man, was now the President of the Reichstag. Chancellor von Papen, after a confrontation with Goring, received a vote of no confidence by the delegates of the Reichstag

40

(42 supported him, 512 did not) . The Reichstag was again dissolved and the elections were held on November 6, 1932. After this election the Nazis lost 34 seats.

Hitler, after von Papen's no confidence show, now saw his chance.

After von Papen's resignation, Reichs President Hindenburg reluctantly appointed Hitler Chancellor on January 30, 1933. Hindenburg also gave the order to dissolve the Reichstag so that new elections could be held to give Hitler the much needed majority. On March 5, 1933 elections were held giving the Nazis 288 seats, still not enough, but after elim- inating the communist's 81 seats, (Herman Goring was also head of the Prussian Ministry and after the Reichstag fire on February 27, 1933 he used his police powers to round up all the communists) Hitler now had his clear majority by 5 seats. The Reichstag was dissolved for the last time on March 23, 1933 after more than 80% of the delegates voted Hitler full powers. The struggle to power was over.

At or before most of the elections, tokens were given out to the voters with the idea of keeping the candidate on the voter's mind. The Nazis used this interesting propaganda tool quite effectively and extensively.

Made of aluminum, about 30mm in diameter, these struck pieces usually came with a common obverse with a bust (left) of Adolf Hitler. The words: DER FUKRER AUS DER NOT ADOLF HITLER (The Leader of the Movement Adolf Hitler). On most of the pieces there are 2 stars (at 2 o'clock and 10 o'clock). Interesting enough, they are 6-pointed or Stars of David and they remained as part of the design until about 1932 when they were changed to the 5-pointed variety. The reverses come in var- ieties which some I have listed below.

1. May 20, 1928 Reichstag Election. In the centqr WAHLT NATIONAL- SOZIALISTEN LISTE 12 (Vote IJationalsocialism Row 12) . Surrounding by the rim DER DEUTSCHEN ARBEIT WOLLEN WIR DEN WEG ZUR FREIHEIT BAHNEN (The German Workers Desire the Way to Freedom). At 6 o'clock is a 6-pointed star.

2. November 8, 1930 Local Election. Above around rim WAHT AM 8 NOV 30. Below around rim DIE HITLER BEWEGUNG (The Hitler Movement). Legend surrounds a small eagle with swastika in center. There are 6-point- ed stars at 8 and 4 o'clock. (Photo on next page).

3. November 6, 1932 Reichstag Election. In the center WAHLT LIST 1 NATIONALSOZIALISTEN (Vote Row 1 Nationalsocialism) . Surrounding by the rim NATIONALSOZIALISTISCHE DEUTSCHE ARBEITER PARTE I (National

The Tokens

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5. Combination voting and donation token for the Reichstag Election of July 31, 1932. Obverse: Eagle with swastika and below HEIL

Socialist German Workers Party). At 6 o'clock is a swastika.

4. Multi-purpose election token. In center WAHLT ADOLF HITLER (Vote Adolf Hitler). Below is a swastika surrounded by rays. Around the rim NATIONALSOZIALISTISCHE DEUTSCHE ARBEITER PARTEI .

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HITLER! Around the rim NATIONALSOZIALISTISCHE DEUTSCHE ARBEITER PART El . Reverse: In center MACHT DEUTSCHLANDFREI ! WAHLT LISTE 2

(Make Germany Free! Vote Row 2). Below is 31.7.1932. Around the rim RM 020 GABICH FUR DEN DEUTSCHEN FREHEITS KAMPF (I Gave .20 Reichsmarks for the German Freedom Fight). At 6'oclock is a 6-pointed stat .

This, I hope, gives the collector an overview of Hitler election tokens. I have seen numerous other varieties/dates, all with the same obverse. Although one would think that these are very common, they remain very elusive, even after many years of ardent searching.

CONTENTS OF THE NI REFERENCE COLLECTION

(Only coins grading FINE or better are being listed, in this continuing inventory of the NI REFERENCE COLLECTION. Members desiring to borrow coins from the collection for research purposes , lecture use , non- competitive displays, or any other reasons, may do so by paying postage and insurance both directions.)

(Coins in the collection which are UNCIRCULATED are underlined ■ )

INDIA (Continued from last month): Y85 - 1966C, 1968B; Y86 - 1970B;

Y87 - ND(C) ; Y88 - ND(B) ; Y89 - ND (B) ; YB93 - 1973B, 1975B; Y94.1 1973B; Y98 - 1973B; Y107 - 1976B.

INDONESIA: Sumatra - British East India Co.: C22-AH1200; C25a -

A1I1219 .

East Indies - Dutch: CF2 - 1784, 1786, 1790, 1794; CG2 - 1780;

CH2a - 1786, 1790; Y14a - 1942S, 1945S; Y15a - 1941P, 1942S;

Y18.2 - 1945P; Y20 - 1945P; Y21 - 1938, 1942P, 1945D; P33 - AH1250 Indonesia: Y1 - 1952; Y2 - 1951; Y3 - 1951, 1954; Y3a - 1957; Y4 - 1952; Y5 - 1952; Y5a - 1955, 1957; Y6 - 1955, 1957; Y7 - 1958, 1961; Y13 - 1970; Y16 - 1971; Y17 - 1971; Y18 - 1971; Y19 - 1973; Y20 - 1974; Y21 - 1974.

Timur: Y1 - 1951; Y8 - 1958; Y12 - 1970; Y13 - 1970.

IRAN: Y23 - 1326; Y24 - 1318; Y71 - 1333; Y104 - 1315; Y128 - 1317,

1321/0; Y137 - 1343; YA140a - 1340, 1349, 1351; YB140 - 1346; YC140b - 1350; YD140 - 1338; Y149 - 1348; Y151 - 1350; Y152 - 1351

IRAQ: Y1 - 1352; Y8 - 1357; Y9a - 1357 Dot; Y9b - 1371 Dot; YlOb -

1371; Yll - 1357; Y13 - 1362; Y15 - 1372; Y17 - 1372; Y18 - 1372; Y24 - 1379; Y47 - 1395; Y48 - 1395.

******** ******************** ******************************************

WANTED, URGENTLY!

The editorial staff of the NI BULLETIN seldom has problems in getting good material to publish, thanks to our many fine contributory with the exception of one thing - fillers. We urgently need short filler items running from just 3, 4 or 5 lines all the way up to about 7/8 of a page. How about helping us out with some filler material?

43

REUTERGELD:

an adjunct to notgeld.

by W. A. Haskell } Pfaffenrot3 West Germany , HI #LM1 5 (All photos are 3/4 actual size)

During the grim years from 1914 through 1923, the flood of emergency money in Germany and Austria reached epidemic proportions and is well known. When the collecting of notgeld became popular after 1918, much was issued for the collector rather than for genuine circulation.

With these came abuses designed to deceive the collector and part him with as much genuine money as possible, and some of these abuses in- cluded downright fraud, even to the extent of creating issues for towns that didn't exist!

A single entrepreneur was the creative force behind the unification of some 70 town and districts that issued "Reutergeld" in 1922. Denom- inated in 10, 25 and 50 Pfennig notes, they were issued in 1922 and

44

pay homage to the Mecklenburg poet, Fritz Reuter, with stylized ar- tistic illustrations and quotations from his poetry. The artistic representations are a balanced blend of local scenes and were never intended to circulate as emergency money, but were aimed solely at the collector.

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It is still poss- ible to assemble the entire set of Reutergeld at mod- est cost, and makes and inter- esting adjunct to the more dif- ficult collecting of circulating notgeld. Just a few examples are illustrated on the pages of this short introduction to the collecting of Reutergeld.

46

PAPER MONEY OF THE IMPERIAL PAHLAVI DYNASTY OF IRAN

by John G. Humphvis, Sidney , Ohio , NI § 1267

(Ed.: The following is a description of the various notes covered in

the book COLLECTION OF NOTES ISSUED IN THE PERIOD OF FIFTY YEARS OF THE IMPERIAL PAHLAVj DYNASTY. This Farsi text book was recently do- nated to the NI Library by Robert L. Clarke and is reviewed by the author in the Book Reviews section of this NI BULLETIN . )

The very beautiful and invaluable book, COLLECTION OF NOTES ISSUED IN THE PERIOD OF FIFTY YEARS OF THE IMPERIAL PAHLAVI DYNASTY begins with the notes printed by the American Bank Note Company of 5, 10, 20, 50,

100 and 500 rials which were issued in 1932 (Pick 18-23).

The next series of notes were also printed by the ABNC (Pick 24-30), but the book states that they were issued in 1314 S.H. (1934); how- ever, notes have been seen which are dated 1313 (1934), also.

After the last issue, all notes have been printed in England. The series after the above series are dated in the print plate, instead of separately. These are the notes with French texts on the back, dated 1316 (1937), but a 10-rial is known to exist which is dated 1315 (1936). This is not included in the book, which also does not include a 500-rial denomination, listed in the Pick catalogue (P-37a) , which probably does not exist.

The next series, dated 1317 (1938), replaces the French texts on the reverse by Farsi texts. This series includes a spectacular, giant, unissued 10,000 rials denomination (unlisted in Pick). This was equiv- alent to 100 gold pahlavi, as stated on the note. The gold pahlavi has the same pure gold content as the British gold sovereign, or 0.23542 troy ounce of pure gold. In 1938 this 100 pahlavi note had a face value of $823.97, with gold at $35.00 an ounce (today this would be around $9,680.00!). This series of notes is also known with over- prints on the reverses indicating that they were put into circulation between 1319 and 1322 (1940-1943), but these are not illustrated in this book. They were issued mostly during the British-Russian occup- ation of Iran during World War II. The shah was deposed by them in September 1941, because of his pro-German activities.

No notes were issued with the new shah's portrait until 1323 (1944), but the Pick catalogue states that these were issued in "1941", er- roneously (Pick 39-46).

A new series of notes, with new designs, and reduced sizes, was is- sued in 1948 and 1951, according to this book. The series is undated on the notes, like the last series. The new notes are listed in Pick as numbers 47 through 53.

Dates reappear on the next three series issued by the National Bank of Iran: 1330, 1332, 1333 and 1337. Those dated 1337 (1958) are the

last notes to be issued with the old bank name. These notes are the same as listed in the Pick catalogue, with the exception of Pick 71 and 72 which are not illustrated in this book, and therefore these notes do not exist.

47

The first issue of notes with the bank's new name (Bank Markazi Iran) are dated 1340 (1961). In this book, these notes are included in the same series as notes dated 1341 and 1342 which have different designs. The book does not illustrate or mention the 20-rial note dated 1340 (Pick 75), but this note does exist.

Notes of the same design as above, but dated 1343, or without dates, comprise the second series of notes issued by the Central Bank. They were all issued in 1343 (1964) according to the book. Notes of this series and the previous series have a portrait of the shah in "Air Force" uniform, according to this book. The Pick catalogue is very confused in listing this, and the next three series! Some notes are catalogued twice, and some notes are catalogued which do not exist!

In the third series the shah is depicted in Army uniform, as on older issues, and all later series. None of the notes are dated from now until the present, except for the commemorative issues of 1350 (1971) and 2535 (1976).

The collector needs to know the actual notes which were issued from 1961 to 1974, despite what is listed in Pick, and these are the series as listed in this book published by the Central Bank of Iran:

First Issue of the Central Bank:

Designs are same as the 1337-dated notes, only the name of the bank is different.

10 rial, 1340

20 rial, 1340 (not listed in the book, but exists)

New portrait (Air Force uniform) and new designs.

50 rial, 1341 500 rial, 1341

100 rial, 1342 1000 rial, 1341

Second Issue of the Central Bank:

Same designs as above except for 20 rials; new denomination of 200 rials. Issued 1343 (1964). (n.d. = no date)

20 rials, n.d. (1964)

50 rials, n.d. (1964)

50 rials, 1343 (1964)

(same design, but dated)

100 rials, n.d. (1964) 200 rials, n.d. (1964) 500 rials, n.d. (1964) 1,000 rials, n.d. (1964)

Third Issue of the Central Bank:

Same designs as above, except for a new portrait. Issued 1345-1346 (1966-1967). Undated. These notes have the name of the bank on the front in two colors, with the lettering outlined as in the above series. On the next series, the name of the bank is in one color, with lettering in dark print.

20 rials, n.d. (1966-67) 200 rials, n.d. (1966-67)

50 rials,. n.d. (1966-67) 500 rials, n.d. (1966)

100 rials, n.d. (1966-67) 1,000 rials, n.d. (1967)

Fourth Issue of the Central Bank:

Same designs and portrait as above, but the bank's name on the front

48

is in one color, with dark lettering. 20-rial not issued, but new high denominations added. Undated. Issued 1348-1353 (1969-1974).

50 rials, n.d. (1969-74) 1,000 rials, n.d. (1969-74)

100 rials, n.d. (1969-74) 5,000 rials, n.d. (1969)

200 rials, n.d. (1969-74) 10,000 rials, n.d. (1969-74)

500 rials, n.d. (1969-74)

Commemorative Issue dated 1350 (1971).

New designs issued to commemorate the 2,500th anniversary of the Iranian Empire. These two notes were issued within the period of the above series.

50 rials, 1350 (1971). (Pick has "1973" in error.)

100 rials, 1350 (1971).

The back of the 50-rial note depicts the shah "bestowing deeds of (land) ownership to one of the villagers" according to the book.

This was in connection with the Land Reform, when large estates were divided up among farmers who now possessed the land instead of farming it for some large land owner.

The back of the 100-rial notes shows three vignettes labeled "Health, Agriculture, Education" (from left to right). The book describes them as "three scenes from the shah's and people's reforms".

The final series of notes are those first issued between 1353 and 1354 (1974-75), and still in use today, but issued with the shah's portrait obliterated in 1979. The 20-rial denomination was reintroduced on New Year's Day (21 March), 1354 (1974), according to the book. Not includ- ed in the book is the 200-rial note having 6-point stars in the back- ground design on the reverse; only the note modified with 12-point stars is illustrated! A 1,000-rial note exists in this series, which is not in Pick. The series is undated.

20	rials ,	n.d.	(1974-75)	500 rials, n.d.	(1974-75)
50	rials ,	n.d.	(1974-75)	1000 rials, n.d.	(1974-75)
100	rials, n.d.	(1974-75)	5000 rials, n.d.	(1974-75)
200	rials, n.d.	(1974-75)	10,000 rials, n.	d. (1974-75)

(two types)

Within the last series, a commemorative 100-rial note was issued in 2535 (1976) to celebrate the 50th anniversary of the Pahlavi Dynasty.

It depicts the shah and his father, with a view of the "first building of the National Bank of Iran". The reverse illustrates the "symbol of the 50th anniversary": a crown surrounded by 50 "suns", symbolizing

50 solar years. This symbol also appears in pale blue and gold on the front cover of the book.

The new "Imperial Era" was introduced on New Year's Day: 21 March,

1976, which started the year 2535. The Empire dates from the death of Cyrus the Great in 529 B.C. His tomb at Pasargadae is depicted on the 500-rial note issued 1317, the 50 rial note issed in the series 1353-54 and the 50-rial note issued in the series 1323, 1325. Imperial Era dates are used throughout this book, and these have been converted to solar Hijra dates and A.D. dates in the preceding descriptions of the notes. The Imperial Era started in 559 B.C., so dates in the book

49

are converted by subtracting 559 from the Imperial Era.

Iranian coins show dates up to 1354, solar Hijra, or 1975; but the following year was changed from 1355 to 2535 on the coins. Coins are dated 2535, 2536 and 2537 (1978), but during this year the older cal- endar was resumed, and coins issued in 1978 are also dated 1357. There was great opposition among the religious leaders in Iran to this new Imperial Era which was based on the long, continuous history of Iran. The religious leaders (mollahs and ayatollahs) objected to this "pagan" revival, and the abolishing of the religious era, and it was one of the excuses they used to promote the downfall of the shah.

The shah's father had more success in introducing the solar Hijra cal- endar in 1925, but the era was based on Muslim foundations: the flight

of Mohammad from Mecca to Medina in 622 A.D. (July 16 in the Julian calendar). Nevertheless, this was also a "pagan" (but more efficient) revival, because this calendar system was the old Iranian one, in use before the Muslim conquest of Iran. The solar calendar was reintroduc- ed on 21 March 1925, which was New Year's Day, 1304 S.H. This corre- sponded to 25 Sha'ban 1343 in the Muslim tunar calendar system. The Muslim lunar calendar comprises 12 months of alternatively 30 and 29 days, giving 354 days to a year, or 355 in leap years, and is therefore deficient by 11 to 12 days compared with a solar year, an imperfect system.

Solar A.H. dates are converted to A.D. by adding 621, or 622 between 1 January and 20 March of the following year. Imperial Era dates are converted to A.D. by subtracting 559, or 558 between 1 January and 20 March of the following year. New Year's Day is on the Spring Equinox in both systems, but in the lunar calendar systems, it falls 10 to 11 days earlier each solar year.

The collector and researcher may like to know the face value of the Iranian notes when they were issued. The value of the rial falls into five periods:

1) 1932-36 when the rial was tied to the British gold pound at 100 rials = 1 pound. This was the rate set by the government, but in late 1932, the gold standard was suspended indefinitely by the Iranian government, so this rate became ineffective. By this valuation, 100 rials was worth $8.25 with gold at $35.00 an ounce after 1933. In practice, no exchange rates were quoted for the rial between late 1932 and 1935.

2) 1936-39. The rate of exchange was quoted nominally at 80-1/2 rials = 1 pound sterling (paper) . This made 100 rials worth around $6.20.

3) Dec. 1939 - May 1942. The rial was tied to the U.S. dollar after depreciation of the pound in 1938-39. The rate was fixed at 17 rials = $1, or 100 rials = $5.88.

4) May 1942 - 1954. In 1942, the rial was again valued by the British

pound during the British-Russian occupation of World War II. The rate was fixed at 128 rials = 1 pound, or 32 rials = $1. The rial was not devalued with the pound in 1949, so it became effectively linked to the U.S. dollar again, at 32-1/4 rials = $1, or 100 rials = $3.10.

50

5) 1954 to the present. The rial depreciated rapidly during 1954,

and this was stopped by a reform in February 1955 when the rate was fixed at 75.75 rials = $1, or 100 rials = $1.32. This remain- ed fixed until December 1971, when the dollar was devalued, and the rial rose slightly in value. Its value rose again after the 1973 devaluation of the dollar, but since then it has depreciated a little, buc not back to the old rate yet. In late 1979, 100 rials was worth around $1.40. The highest denomination bank note of 10,000 rials, has therefore a face value of $140.00.

The book on Iranian bank notes does not show signature combination varieties, and I propose to incorporate this information together with my own researches and the information in this book to prepare a definitive type catalogue of Iranian notes. The designs of each note will also be described, using the information provided in this book, which I have translated. (It took me three days to translate the whole book of 55 pages, and 188 descriptions of the notes.) The book is available from the NI Library (without the translations).

**********************************************************************

NOTE ON THE PROPOSED UNESCO BAN

by I. C. G. Campbell, Weeping Water, Nebraska , NI #LM-12

A friend wrote me recently about a sad but all too common story which undoubtedly will be increased if the UNESCO law about antiques, speci- fically coins, goes into effect in many countries. It is also a tragic result of the increased values of metals, gold, silver and copper.

Farm workers were in a wheat field near Moga, N. Punjab, India recently. The farmer was plowing when his plow struck a metal object. As the other laborers were present, he noted the place carefully, then re- turned at night to dig it up. He found a copper jar with either a metal plate or an engraved top. The legend was in Kharosthi - for Indian coins a fact more important than the coins themselves some- times. He then sold the pot to the silversmith where it was melted down for the metal. It was full of coins.

Incidentally, I receive a number of catalogs from coin dealers and others which show antiques of many kinds and from many countries for sale, as well as the actual coins. From my work in museums I know that many of these objects, though not tremendous in themselves, should be resting in a museum either in the country of origin or in the country to which they are sent for sale. Admittedly, the museums, presumably, have the same chance to buy them as do collectors but very few museums, where smaller objects of this kind would be shown, have free money to buy such purchases as they come up. Everyone's budget it tight. One of the saddest of such objects are the fragments of cloth of great antiquity; this is so for two reasons. There is not so much of this material found because it is so perishable; and since it is perishable it will vanish or be destroyed when the average col- lectors dies and his/her heirs have no idea of its significance.

51

NEW ISSUES WITH ASSIGNED YEOMAN NUMBERS

(The catalog numbers assigned to new issue coin listings published here are supplied and copyrighted by Western Publishing Co., Inc., Whit man Coin Products, Racine, Wise., U.S.A. No further use of these numbers in any other publication is authorized.)

* Collectors' Coins BAHAMAS

* Y54 25 Dollars 1979, .925 Silver, (42mm)

* Y55 250 Dollars 1979, .900 Gold (26.16mm)

Y54-55: 250th Anniversary Parliament

BELIZE

* Y27 100 Dollars 1979, .500 Gold (26.16mm), Christmas 1979

ISRAEL

* Y89 100 Lirot 1979, .500 Silver (34mm), Chanukah 1979

MACAO

* Y12 100 Patacas 1980, .925 Silver (38.6mm), Year of the Monkey

* Y13 500 Patacas 1980, .9167 Gold (22.1mm), Year of the Monkey

SAN MARINO

* Y87 1 Scudo 1979, .9167 Gold (16mm), Peace

* Y88 2 Scudi 1979, .9167 Gold (22mm), Peace

SOUTH AFRICA

Y114 2 Cents 1979, Bronze (25mm), New Coinage

Y118 1 Rand 1979, Nickel (30.9mm), New Coinage

VENEZUELA |

* Y54 500 Bolivares 1975, .900 Gold, Nationalization of Oil Industry

(This coin was made for presentation purposes only.)

VIETNAM

Two new and distinct issues are known from Vietnam. After South Vietnam fell to communist forces during 1975 there was a brief co-existence of two communist states. The issue of coins from the short-lived southern communist republic is as follows :

Y14 1 Xu ND (1975), Aluminum (19.2mm), Central Hole

Y15 2 Xu 1975, Aluminum (21.1mm), Central Hole

Y16 5 Xu ND (1975), Aluminum (23.1mm), Central Hole

Legend: NGAN HANG VIET NAM

Numbering continues listings under Vietnam, South.

Reunification of Vietnam as a Socialist Republic took place during 1976. The issue of coins from the now unified Viet- namese state is as follows:

Y8 1 Xu 1976, Aluminum, Central Hole (reported)

Y9 2 Xu 1976, Aluminum, Central Hole (reported)

Y10 5 Xu 1976, Aluminum, Central Hole (reported)

Yll 1 Hao 1976, Aluminum (19mm)

Y12 2 Hao 1976, Aluminum (21.5mm)

Y13 5 Hao 1976, Aluminum (22.9mm)

Y14 1 Dong 1976 Aluminum (26.4mm)

Legend: NGAN HANG NHA NUOC VIET NAM

Numbering continues litings under Vietnam, North.

52

NUMISMATIC PUBLICATIONS IN INDIA AND SRI LANKA

by David G. Briggs , Meredith, N. H., NI # 1444

The Library of Congress maintains an office in New Delhi which purchases most of the new books and periodicals published in India and Sri Lanka (Ceylon). These publications are added to the Library of Congress col- lection, and are distributed to some 26 other libraries throughout the United States - mostly at the principal universities - where they may be consulted.

The acquisition lists of these purchases are a convenient way to keep tabs on what is being published in India in the fields of numismatics, history and archaeology, and the references below are summarized from that source.

One of the principal museums in Kashmir has reissued a Handbook of the archaeological and numismatic sections of the Sri Pratap Singh Ituseum, Sringar , by Ram Chandra Kak. It is an illustrated booklet of 163 pages, a reprint of the 1923 edition published by Thacker, Spink of Calcutta. This reprint is put out by the Government Press, Sringar, with a cover price of Rupees 7.00 ($1.40).

Another recent booklet of interest to specialists in Indian coins is Religion and iconography on early Indian coins, by Om Prakash Singh.

This is a revised version of the author's thesis at Magadh University, published by Bharati Prakashan in Varanasi (formerly Benares). It has 12 pages of introduction, 112 pages of text, and 7 plates, a biblio- graphy, and an index. It is priced at Rs. 40 ($8.00).

In the periodical field, The Journal of the Numismatic Society of Madhya Pradesh has appeared in English or Hindi. (The Library of Congress notation says Volume 1 was dated 1972.) The Society's ad- dress is: c/o Central Museum, Indore 542001, India.

South of India, in the island republic of Sri Lanka, the Colombo Museum has reissued the long-awaited reprint of Ceylon Coins and Cur- rency, by Humphrey W. Codrington. This was originally published in 1924 as No. 3, Memoirs of the Colombo Museum, Series A, and has long been out of print. This new edition is a faithful reproduction of the original classic, but without the revisions and additions originally planned for it by the late Mr. K. C. D. Perera of Kandy whose untimely death prevented those plans from being fulfilled. The new edition is published by The Acting Government Printer, Colombo, Sir Lanka. It contains 7 pages of introduction, 283 pages of text, and 7 plates, and is paper bound in large format, 9-3/4 x 12 inches. It covers authoritatively the ancient, medieval, and modern coins, both indig- enous and imported, as well as the Dutch and British currency notes used on the island.

A number of books of interest to numismatists on the history of the sub-continent has also been published. These include:

Bactria , from the earliest times to the extinction of Bactrio-Greek rule in the Punjab, by Hugh G. Rawlinson. Published by the Bharatiya Publishing House, Delhi. It bears the caption title: The Bactrian

53

Empire wider the Greek dynasties, and contains 12 pages of introduction, 150 pages of text, and a bibliography. The price is Rs . 40 ($8.00).

India as described by Megasthenes, by Narain Singh Kalota. Published by the Concept Press, Delhi, for Rs . 35 ($7.00). It has 12 pages, illustrations, maps and bibliography.

Medieval routes to India: Baghdad to Delhi; a study of trade and mili-

tary routes, by Harish Chandra Verma. Published by Naya Prokash, Calcutta. It has a 13 page introduction, 345 pages of text , maps, bibliography and index. It sells for Rs . 54 ($13.00).

(The prices mentioned above are the publishers' sale prices in India and do not include shipping. These books are not available from NI or the author of this note. A list of the U.S. university libraries to which these books have been supplied is available from this writer; please provide a stamped, self-addressed envelope. Address to:

David G. Briggs, Treehouse Farm, Winona Road, Meredith, N.H. 03253.)

*- v*** ***************************************************** ************

JUSTIN II & SOPHIA 565-578 A.D .

by I. C. G. Campbell, Weeping Water, Nebraska, NI #LM12

These two are always bracketed together, mainly because Justin's best known and most common coin design always shows them sitting side by side, so that it is one of the copper coins that may most easily be distinguished, however worn.

Sophia was the niece of the Empress Theodora, and Justin's wife, who helped him in his accession to the throne on the death of Justinian I. While she was empress she relieved many poor citizens from debt and usury. On Justin's death she hoped to retain her power by marrying Tiberius, but he declared his lawful wife, Anastasia as empress. He treated Sophia as his mother and gave her imperial honors, but she intrigued - in true Byzantine fashion - with Justinian, the son of Germanus. He was pardoned but she was confined and given only a mod- est allowance. Her son died in infancy, her daughter Arabia married Baduarius, perhaps the ancestor of the famous Venetian family "Casa Badoero" .

The coin shown above is a 40 nummia piece, minted in Cyzicus in the second (B) workshop and in the third year of the reign of Justin II. The couple are shown seated on one of Byzantium's famous thrones.

54

THE ANNUAL BULLETINS OF THE TURKISH NUMISMATIC SOCIETY

by I. C. G. Campbell , Weeping Water , Nebraska, NI #LM- 1 2

(All illustrations approximately 3/4 actual size)

These publications of the Turk Numismatik Dernegi Yahxnlarl are a must for any serious student of Ottoman numismatics. I have before me No. 1, 1972, No. 2, 1977 plus Supplement No. 3, 1978. They are printed on heavy clay paper, in large clear type and the illustrations are first class .

In order to show the quality of the work, I show some drawings from No. 3:

The piece above is a silver 80 Para (ikilik-two) piece of Selim III. It weighs (average) 25 grams and has a diameter of 41-44mm. The ob- verse shows the Sultan's Tugra. The reverse legend has the regnal year 6 at top and "struck in islambol (Constantinople) year 1203 A.H.

This piece is a 60 Para (^ifte zolta) is 40-43mm average diameter and weighs an average of 18.73 grams. The obverse reads:

Sultan

Selim ibn Mustafa han Dame miilkehu, duru be fi islambol 1203

The reverse reads: Sultan-iil berreyn

ve hakan-iil bahreyn Es-sultan ibn (2) es-sultan

55

Below are three pieces (drawings) of 3 out of 4 Mangirs (copper pieces) found in the Bibliotheque Nationale in Paris. As most collectors of Ottoman coins know, these coins were usually poorly struck and in- variably badly worn because of much use. The early ones are also noted for their complex and lovely designs, in keeping with the calligraphic traditions of Islam and Islamic countries.

No. 2 above was struck in 907 A.H. (Azze nasara) . Its reverse shows 2 tulips and a cypress tree. The symbol on the stem is often found on the dome of a mosque, or atop a standard.

No. 3 was struck in Mosul (Musul) . The reverse is just a design.

No. 4 was struck at Ruha and the reverse also is just a design.

The society's annual subscription is 10 dollars. On account of the Turkish laws which govern any society or organization in Turkey, it is necessary to provide two passport photos and certain personal de- tails such as date of birth, passport number and so on. Apart from the annual journal, the society provides at cost plus postage to its members any new coins or medals minted by the Turkish mint, or by itself. Apart from the savings financially, this is often the only way in which these objects are obtainable because of very limited issues. Earlier issues have very high asking prices indeed. It was organized in 1968.

The publication is in English (one number has an article in French) and most of the short articles deal with individual coins (or small groups, i.e. 4 or 5). There are quite a number that deal with mangir.

The supplement has pages of words written in Ottoman script. To

56

non-Turkish scholars, the list of mints (mint names) as written in Ottoman Turkish is very useful as the script is large and clear.

A second list has the individual sultan's names, while a third bears their usual titles found on the coins. There is a list of sultans with the Islamic dates of accession and the corresponding AD years.

******************************************************************** NEW VARIETY OF SUDANESE MINOR COINS by Dccnnie J. Williams, North Little Rock, Arkansas, NI #1425

(Reprinted from ARKOIN NEWS (Arkansas Numismatic Society Quarterly Magazine), July 1979, Vol. Ill, No. 2, p.9, with permission of editor.)

The minor bronze coins of Sudan caught my eye recently. They are the circulation strikes of 5 milliemes Y-C43 dated 1971-1391 and 10 milliemes Y-D43 dated 1970-1390. The Y-D43 (1970-1390) is unlisted in Standard Catalog of World Coins as a circulation type.

The legend on the reverse of the coins is "Democratic Republic of the Sudan" in Arabic text. The illustrations of the legends on the reverses of these two coins are from proof types in the SCWC , which are similar to those on the Y-43 and Y-44 Revolution Commemoratives . The legends on the circulation coins are similar to those of Y-48, 50 and 58 and of Y-51, 51a, 59 and 63 respectively.

(Continued on page 64 )

57

BOOK REVIEWS

OUT-OF-PRINT WORKS

There is very good news for serious collectors and students of numis- matics. The British Museum, in conjunction with an Oxford firm, has put two major, out-of-print, publications on microfilm. The 29 volume catalog of Greek coins makes 149 microfiches and costs $500.00 US.

Three or four years ago we paid a bargain price of $800.00 for re- prints of the same set (and many volumes were poorly bound) .

The 10 volume catalog of the oriental coins in the B.M. makes 44 micro- fiches and costs $250.00. Both sets have a 32 page introductory book- let. Mini copy viewers in Great Britain sell for around $150.00. Microfilming is one of the very few ways of making it possible for scholars to carry on research, as printing costs have become so enormous they promise the demise of conventional academic information publi- cation. It will also make available rare research material which can never hope to be reprinted.

It is also going to stress the value of collector clubs and societies which, working together, can purchase such sets which are quite beyond the purse of many members.

This also opens an entirely new era, not only for numismatics but also for other subjects. It is, as yet, impossible to foresee or foretell the long term consequences.

Submitted by I. C. G. Campbell

COLLECTION OF NOTES ISSUED IN THE PERIOD OF FIFTY YEARS OF THE IMPERIAL PAHLAVI DYNASTY. Text entirely in Farsi (Persian). Farsi title: MAJMU'E-E ASKENAS-HA-I MONT ASHER SHODE DAR DOURAN-E PAN J AH SAL-E SHAHANSHAH I DUDtdAN-E PAHLAVI. Printed and published by the Central Bank of Iran in summer, 1976; 30,000 copies printed. No price is indi- cated. 55 pages, of which 47 contain full color reproductions of all notes (front and back) issued between 1932 and 1976, totaling 94 notes. Paper cover, format 33 cm x 22.8 cm. Translations by John G. Humphris.

This is a very beautiful book, and invaluable because of its illustra- tions in color of all Iranian bank notes issued 1932-1976. The Farsi text with each note describes the scenes on each note, both front and back, and the dates between which they were issued. This information is also important because many of the notes are not dated. The book is divided into two parts: 1) notes issued by the National Bank of

Iran ("Bank Melli Iran" text which appears on notes issued 1948 through 1961), and 2) notes issued by the Central Bank of Iran ('Bank Markazi Iran" text which appears on notes issued from 1961 to the present) .

The book ends with the commemorative note issued in 1976 which cele- brates the 50th anniversay of the foundation of the Pahlavi dynasty (100 rials). The book itself was issued to commemorate this event.

The notes are arranged in series of denominations which were issued at

58

the same time, starting with the notes printed by the American Bank Note Company of 5, 10, 20, 50, 100 and 500 rials which were issued in 1932 (Pick 18-23). The illustrations in the book are not dated because the dates on these notes were printed on the day that they were issued, and all notes which are illustrated in this book are "-specimen" notes supplied by the printers of the notes.

Reviewed by John G. Humphris

(Ed. : This beautiful book was recently donated to the NI Library

by Robert L. Clarke. A detailed description, written by John G. Humphris, of the series of notes appears in other pages of this issue of the NI BULLETIN. )

ISLENZKAR MYNTIRj by Finnur Kolbeinsson. 1980 Edition. 60pp, illus.

5" x 8", glossy paper, stiff grey paper cover. Icelandic text. $6.00 US airmail postpaid from the publisher: Atom, P. 0. Box 123, Reykjavik,

Iceland .

This latest edition, released early in November 1979, is the recognized standard catalogue for the valuation of the coins, tokens, medals and banknotes of Iceland, having been issued yearly since 1969.

The country's coinage, first issued in 1922, is catalogued by date and mintmark in 4 conditions from fine through uncirculated. A clear photograph of both sides of each type coin is given as well as the metal, weight, size in mm, and the mint that struck the coin. Die varieties are listed and many are illustrated either by sketches or enlarged photographs. A number of the coins issued between 1922 and 1940 are virtually unknown in uncirculated condition. Valuations for some coins and notes, especially in the top grades, have been increased in the 1980 catalogue.

Eight pages are devoted to the country's tokens, the first of which was issued in 1846. The size in mm, the metal, and a photograph of both sides are given for each token, as well as a single valuation.

Three pages are devoted to medals.

The last half of the catalogue is devoted to the country's banknotes commencing with their first banknote issued in 1777. A photograph of the obverse side of each type banknote is given as well as the size in cm, the color and two valuations.

A four page illustrated section on trade notes issued by stores and other private persons or firms has been added to the 1980 edition.

Recent uncirculated sets of Iceland's coins, as well as current bank- notes in uncirculated, are available from Atom.

Reviewed by Jerome H. Remick

The Mardin Hoard. Islamic Countermarks on Byzantine Coins 3 by N. M.

59

Lowick, S. Bendall and P. D. Whiting. 79pp, illus., soft cover. Pub- lished by A. H. Baldwin & Sons Ltd. 1977.

1 was prompted to submit this review by I. C. G. Campbell’s "Byzantine Coin Notes1' (/VT BULLETIN, Dec. 1970, p436). He commented in his note "as far as I know, there is no authoritative work on them, as yet".

In addition to R. J. Hebert's "Concerning tenth to twelfth century Byzantine folles with Islamic and other countermarks". The Numismatic Circular 82, 1974, pp94 ,140-1,189-90 and Weller's "Turkic countermarks" ibid. 83, 1975, p475, the latest and most authoritative study is Lowick Bendall and Whiting's booklet The Mardin Hoard, dealing with a group of some 13,500 copper pieces of which roughly 2,200 were countermarked . Although neither the provenance nor the date of finding the hoard is known with certainty, internal evidence suggests Mardin, a town about 50 miles south of Diyar Bakr, in south-east Anatolia.

The booklet is in three parts. Part I - The "Mardin" Hoard (pp8-17), which includes 1-Recent discoveries of countermarked pieces; 2-Publi- cations; 3-Collections and groups of countermarked pieces; 4-Islamic countermarks and the "Mardin" hoard; 5-Details of the hoard; 6-Some problems. Part II - The Coins (ppl8-29) including 1-The Pre-Anonymous coins; 2-The Anonymous Folles and other Imperial Issues; 3-The Islamic coins. Part III - The Countermarks (pp30-55) including Islamic counter marking, notes on each of the 28 countermarks individually, allocation of countermarks to dynasties and mints, limitations of area and time- span, and reasons, religious and economic, for the practice.

There are eight tables:

A - Concordance of countermark classifications (plO).

B - Imperial and Anonymous types found in the Hoard (pl5).

C - Islamic countermarks (p30).

D - Diagram showing overstriking of countermarks and ke to diagram (p49).

E - "Mardin" Hoard — Coins with one countermark (pp72-73).

F - "Mardin" Hoard — Coins with two countermarks (pp74-76).

G - "Mardin" Hoard — Coins with three countermarks (pp77-78).

H - "Mardin" Hoard — Coins with four and five countermarks (p 79 ) .

A map of Anatolia in the twelfth century showing the principal mints appears on page 2.

There are eight plates which are a joy to behold in terms of their readability. This well-planned, executed and published work is a model of its kind, and should be the standard reference for this inter- esting numismatic series. The book belongs in the library of both the student and the professional. We may be grateful to the authors for having added another important book to the useful works they have al- ready published.

Reviewed by Raymond J. Hebert

CHARLTON COIN GUIDE , 20th Ed. (1980), by J. E. Charlton. 160pp, illus. pocket book format. Available from the publishers: Charlton Inter-

national Publishing, Inc., 299 Queen Street West, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5V 1Z9. $1.50 plus .50c postage.

60

This latest edition of Charlton's Guide , first ever in pocket book for- mat, provides a listing of current market prices for specimens in very good condition for: Canadian, Newfoundland and Maritime coinage, paper

money and tokens; United States coinage and British copper and bronze coinage. Every major issue of coinage is prefaced by a brief, factual description and photographs. Photos of important die varieties of Canadian coins are included, and the coin is valued.

A six page introductory section on mint marks and designers' initials, handling and care of coins, grading and other subjects has been revised and enlarged for this edition.

A two page table listing the bullion value of Canadian silver coins by denomination is given at the end of the book. Values are given for each denomination of silver coin for silver bullion prices from $7.50 to $20.00 Canadian per troy ounce at .50c increments. The bullion value of silver is the most important factor today in determing the market value of a great many Canadian silver coins in the lowest grades.

Reviewed by Jerome H. Remick.

OTTOMAN PAPER MONEY AND IMPERIAL OTTOMAN BANKNOTES TRANSFERRED from OTTOMAN EMPIRE TO TURKISH REPUBLIC , by Nezihi Aykut. 3 3PP, + 5pp of English text. 9 plates illustrating photos of 35 notes. 6-1/21' x 9-1/2", stiff paper covers. (No. 10. Numismatik Yayinlari) . Istan- bul 1979. $10.00 postpaid. Available from: Numismata Orientalia,

P. 0. Box 212, Tenafly , N.J. 07670.

This useful booklet addressed to Turkish collectors has just been re- leased by Yapi ve Kredi Bankasi (Istanbul). It deals with the seven orders for paper money (kaime) and banknotes (bank kaime) issued under the laws promulgated from March 30, 1331 (1915) to March 28, 1334 (1918). Facts are given about the amount of kaime issued in the war time amount- ing to over 160 million liras, of which the Ottoman government paid only two and half million liras, the balance being left to the Republic.

The catalogue gives transliterations of the Ottoman Turkish script fac- ilitating the reference to a modern Turkish dictionary by the specialist collector.

The illustrations are reduced in size and include an elusive specimen of the 1/2 liralik (being the one lira note, cut in half). They are all from the collection of Mr. Diler and slides provided by Mr. Garo Kurkman .

Reviewed by Kenneth M. Mackenzie

COINS OF THE SULTANS OF GUJARAT } by C. R. Singhal. 1979 Reprint by Obol of the 1935 original. $40.00. Hardback, 154pp and 12pls.

This is Obol's first reprint of an Indian coin catalog and will be welcomed by Islamic scholars. The reprint is excellent while the

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(3/4

actual

size)

1 1

Copper Coin No. 771 Ahmad Shah III D64 A.H. (S. .6'') Rev: Date

Silver Coins No. S17 Uuzafl'ar Shah III 991 A.H. (S. .85")

M. Ahmedxibad

Obv: Kalimah. Rev: Date

i

coins illustrated show details to perfection. The original work was by C. R. Singhal, a great scholar, and was based on a hoard found in 1923 (100 unknown specimens alone). It included the private collections of D. G. P. Taylor (who made the primary study of Gujarat coins) and of Dr. Hodivalas. Included in the catalog are missing types, from public and private collections in and out of India, so the work is very repre- sentative. There are 889 coins of the museum, plus others and with 150 illustrated. There are an index of mints, of legends, a bibliography and a Hegira table of the Sultanate period.

Reviewed by 1. G. G. Campbell

THE ELECTED!) ADD SIL'vER COINS OF CHIOS , by Agnes Baldwin. 1979 Obol reprint of the 1915 edition, long out of print. Hardbackea, quality paper, 60pp of text, 8 (double) pis. $20.00.

This Obol work is a perfect work, a boon to scholars and museums. It is a chronological study and, though the coinage was not abundant as those of other Ionian mints, it is interesting and important.

Chios, an island off the Turkish coast has a coinage of value to stud- ents of classical coinage. The standard obverse design was a sphinx facing right or left, in common with all archaic coins, the reverse is an incuse square. Subsequently this latter develops into two bars at right angles with a transverse legend. The value is due to the ar- rangement in order of development, from late archaic (c. 550 B.C.) to around 300 B.C. Though incomplete, this shows a steady progress of design from crude to a more perfect style.

Reviewed by I. C. G. Campbell

THE BEGINNING OF COINAGE AT ATHENS (Les Origines de la. Monnaie d.

Athens), by Ernest Babelon. Obol reprint, 1979 of the 1905 edition. Hardback, 92pp, illus. $20.00.

This is another French reprint of Obol. Though the text is very straight forward, a knowledge of the language is essential. However, the details of the individual coins illustrated can be easily read by anyone with a small dictionary. The book has long been out of print. With the wealth of coinage in the trade, it is good to see it back but there may be a number of types not considered.

f>2

As the most prolific coinage of antiquity, and starting with a very archaic type for the head of Athenae, thses may be arranged in a more complete order than those of Chios. To scholars this has a double purpose, the development of coinage in antiquity, but even more import- ant, the development of Greek art and the most beautiful coinage the world has known.

Aside from the language difficulty, there are relatively few illus- trations, unlike the Chios book. It is basically a discussion for scholars rather than collectors.

Reviewed by I. C. G. Campbell

SYLLOGE NiMiORUM GRAECORUM (Catalog of Greek Coins). Vol. II of the Lloyd Collection (11-1/2" x 15-1/2"). Hardback. 1,687 coins described in detail and the illustrations (59 plates) opposite the text. $95.00.

This Obol reprint is an exact copy of the London edition (1933/37).

It deals specifically with the Greek coinage of Italy and Sicily. At that time it was the most complete collection in private hands, includ- ing many (then) recent finds. It is a superb folio volume of value to scholars, museums and collectors. As yet Vol. I has not been reprinted.

Of all the coinage of the ancient world, probably none reached the zenith of the coins of Sicily. These culminated in the decadrachm of EUAINETOS, signed and unsigned. The collection was built up in the 13 years following World War I when many famous collections came on the market. The coins are the pick of the sales rooms and other sources, by a family which did not have to worry about cost. Some came from hoards, but many of the specimens have a long pedigree, Ratto, Forrer, Ginori, de Jongh, to name a few. In all probability no such private collection as this could ever again be put together.

Reviewed by I. C. G. Campbell

(Ed.: The last four volumes reviewed by Rev. Campbell are available

from Obol International, 8 South Michigan Ave. , Chicago, 111.)

NOTGELD NEWSLETTER NO. 12, by Dwight Musser. 6pp, not illus., printed on 8-1/2" x 11" bond. $1.25 postpaid. Available from the author at Box 305, Ridge Manor, FL 33525.

This latest edition of Dwight Musser' s notgeld publication features a 4-page translation of a German language contemporary publicity piece issued in conjunction with the Reutergeld of Mecklenburg. The trans- lation was done by NI member David Block. The piece gives information about the selection committee, the artists who designed the notes and some remarks about the towns and the designs on the notes.

Also covered is information on some new publications on notgeld, plus data on an 8-page errata issued by the German Firm Battenberg Verlag, publishers of notgeld catalogs, to the Serienscheine catalog.

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MEMBER NOTICE PAGE

Frederick R. Wolfe, P. 0, Box 1958, Huntington, W. Va. 25720: I need

two 100 franc pure nickel coins for Gabon dated 1975 referenced as Y2 in Krause's Standard Catalog of World Coins, 1980 Edition, page 537.

Call collect (304) 696-6226.

W. A. Haskell, Mohrengasse 11, 7501 Karxzell/Pf af fenrot , Germany :

Does any member know of a Greek catalog on paper noney by a A. Tarass- ouleas? I would like to know where the catalog can be obtained and if not currently available, where I might be able to borrow a copy.

George T. Ryden, Sox 4428, Pittsburgh, Pa. 15205: WANTED: German

and Japanese porcelain coins; American and European encased postage. Please send lists or correspondence.

Gary G. Ascher, P. 0. Box 668, Owatonna, MN 55060: Please help me

add to my collection of tokens used by armies, navies and air forces world-wide. Buying all types of military tokens or will try to come up with a trade.

Marlin Etzel, P. 0. Box 601, Sgt. Bluff, Iowa 51054: WANTED - world

counterfeit coins in fine or better condition (no George II Great Britain wanted though). I'll send 20 different genuine world coins in exchange.

H. Wurm, Postfach 6488, D775 Konstanz, GERMANY: Want to buy French

material since 1789. Dealer offers welcome too.

Ingeborg Hoffman, 84 .Baring Road, Cowes, Isle of Wight, P031 8DW ,

England : WANTED - Finland Y34a, 1918, VF or better; France Y12, 1852,

EF-UNC, Y24 1853-64, EF-UNC, Y82 1931-41, BU, Y84 1933-35, BU, YV97 1941, VF-UNC, Fujairah 5 Riyals 1969, Olympics 1969, BU or Proof.

Editor, NI BULLETIN : WANTED — contributors to this page! ! ! No ex-

perience necessary. Good opportunity for advancement of your numis- matic knowledge or adding to your collection. No fee charged. Apply by mail to Marvin L. Fraley, 2831 - 57th St., Lubbock, TX 79413, USA.

(No FOR SALE notices, please.)

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NEW VARIETY OF SUDANESE MINOR COINS (Continued from page 57 ) :

Therefore, the new varieties on the legends of the circulation type coins should be listed (and illustrated) in the SCWC. I believe that some circulation coins, in some other denominations, may be lying waiting to be found.

********************************************************************** NEED RECRUITING MATERIALS?

NI is always seeking new members and the best way to obtain them is through recruiting from our present members. Write to Dallas for application blanks and other materials to use for this purpose.

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