- * - cum ef aa - —- ~ - - > - - “om meee > Soe a - bed —— Sg OSH He * ——— ss ° ee - ooe — - ~~ ~ - > we ~s- ee : * - ome 4 = - ne ~ ied - SN Se ane ae _—— tow ole API BS tvege Serre’ ty - a RO Ge OF ae —— + ~ SSS -< - ct. - > han . ep en a tne At ania tS, ea oe ee cone * pl 2 = See OO ee SOPs = TH" Own tt Oe Ce ae en Se = 7 pan ed tegen =o neh 2 ween ahah pein eae SOLES = a Ne Oe oO Oe ee ee nna ie te ee OD ote OS ET oe oe ty a ae 26 a natty a ~~ - anew © < et Pr eee tt ere ee ~~ e ~ wee qh ew + a - — a a 2 . awe Fey ee had endenne PP eS | ee OOO es td eee i rane ae aon aielan “Sa eo - - a es — A el yt ~ -_own - = ——— - eee te SS _ SS eel rae ae 4 er > a 0 a a ~—<— oor » -s<< > = — - - — ay a nr vate —~ = = SS ee, bd ae . . a * ~e pn ens OP Ae yt Gage ee es - a nd - oe a oe Jan @ ae Oe Oe oe yo nel oe —— oi Oey a - . : POP egy a 4 ow Sas Sa Lo a - yee. o-t niin —. ——— =~ - - SO ae a ee a eg rere a et em ee SSS eS hee el Pg ao OTS 0 6 Qe ee wy 0 9 0 em ee ee ee oe eee egy cub tewah ee amey Se one art = > reo Se ae ee © TL ee ae a 2° . —~- we > wy “—- - — —<Sywee mw or we - ere oa oy en = - ~ . we. ~~ ae, Sp — Cee ts we ~~ Spee + ee eres Aan, Ob 9 oe z Sn awe o ae -: oo? a oo rey we >. - > amy . Gee & 20 we eS Oe 0 ee Lg eee - — ~~ “d . —< ~~ eee ~~ --~% ew re _—<~-* “= Sve oo at Senet ae o 2 Oe Gn ST at ~~ A —_ = ae -- Sereeee Saline oo Sg oe an eee Ss tee ane oe a . ~ aan t ~~ ——- ~ - —~ re tee oe z = - - a ~ -“ -* - ° o oe — ~ ett td 4 ee —s ——_— ‘ “ ~~ —_—~ eee ~ ~ 2 - peer e — a eo wai » « * tues aati > - ° “ ° ~—— oa . —1s- me etn oo ° a —— = — — iJ ee 8 eT Oe ° - 2 ~ —- - —- - ~ - “- =t — - —— = . = - —_< ~ ~ > § an * - . o* pamin i etedh - a - a aa o ——_ * - =~ - poe we - ~ - ~* —_ — - oe ~ . - 4 eet oo . ~_ - - i - -* .* z o eos + od rs one > ~e —~ we or + — 7 a . rr c “~~ v¢ ~~ Ome - ~~ - * a - > ~ oom wt See cea or = fe = —— aa - ve pale : : ° a - ~ ~ - . — -* te - ° : - - , eer : neem - ome | “ _—- —_— ~~ « - ~ — > of oo - a . = = “* . x . -~ = no ? ~~ aed oe - > ° s > - > = - ~ ~ ~ ° — a - = ~ > ae oo - _ - ~ ° ° — my - = _— rs < _ one - - > ‘ o ~~ . - : Per a - os . ~ ~~? ~ . ~ ~* : ~ —_ v — ~ ye eo - ~** 7 —— = ~ee* _ : o _ * ed ~—~e oe Srowurvs- val - S Oe pe ee YOO ~ om —_ — — 2. ~ a —— > o-- = =: oa oF 4 7. gre > Se ore om a —~ a i es S =~ s — = | ig » —- we | ’ ‘ i i" ee | : : Pe a . ~ 3 5 saa \* i, ne) f . j ' THE NAUTILUS A QUARTERLY JOURNAL DEVOTED TO THE INTERESTS OF CONCHOLOGISTS VOL. XXXI JULY, 1917, to APRIL, 1918 EDITORS AND PUBLISHERS HENRY A. PILSBRY Curator of the Department of Mollusca, Academy of Natural Scieiices PHILADELPHIA CHARLES W. JOHNSON Curator of the Boston Society of Natural History Boston \ AY: } ih e Ne a) \ 7 ba , 4" f ah F VR) > ‘ | 7 if ‘ a f FIM Jb ~; ri Vi AL? ’ ye ede elt SS A al INDEX TO THE NAUTILUS, XXXII. INDEX TO TITLES, GENERA AND SPECIES. Acella haldemani (Desh. ) 121160 ip wy, AAP aR RR MORE AEE 92 PeNGRE EST EWE SPECIES GOL sy h)5 ats Hie cierc e) , 6 ard sieve ware a 'e lai 142 Amnicola bakeriana Pilsbry, n. sp. .............-.--- 44, 87 Amnicola bakeriana nimia Pilsbry, n. var. ........... 45, 87 med ClAarKeL-EMADEY, Ts SPs cs. 4 c+ seeing ce ae 45, 88 AMTICO AY ONECIOA. EMS WITY TL. "BDs art We. elere bores 5 eich a aie ae 46, 88 Aramcolids from Oneida Lake; N.Y... 2)... ss. 44, 87 APP Maroons Ol MtIPPINES so). sc oc.k soe ete ase «shay 142 PASTETOPER ANTE 1h GUNTER 1 89040) 0 a9 68a 3 ilo; arate: sca, Wie Si eyo le x8 35 Ampullaria slobosa var. simistrorsa,......)...2.20---55- 36 Aner ids Of Oneida ake IN GY oe od.2 0h. 2.005) eine erg oa 90 Ancylidz, revision of the classification of North American 1 PRTACUAB PENAL LOM ATARI So) tet oho cts, oa tity dd bee eet me dae 8 PSE TEU TEMORDS MUTT is) cis vik cle. a diaials tela 0a aves, o) 4 Bias & Vai 5, 6 A AVC NaS wih 21 VTS A I a OS PC 4 Pe VLINS TRING US) CISA CAM ee cc's ceiver oeie idm = oily see Niele 3 UIA. HIS WWRLKOT 2 0) oi, hyo ai we 60 siejerwa snes 8 mewn fiyiaria pay (plas HOOD) spk sos ic. 2 es) cui 3 Vai Ga alas ie Ue as a Sa Rg oil Oe) aR Pe a 114 PE TRAIGEA Te UNTEIUSSM Gra ysis oa x ek add as osc hea Weak aya atiar Sealab, aa. 121 Arkancia wheeler Walk. (6 Ortime. <4... cs been ae 112, 1271 arkansas: molluses of Clark Cov. 60 Us den enn de 109 USL AMEE GCHAR EA MOAR B eh oe) Sod aMaig'e lites, aiken ek cowlat/ gala aa. Bh 10 PGES (Wilt te URAELY 90. SED e) (a) cy elo esajeras'e aslo ira elalaly oy aoa 11 ReMi ee! NEPA EPI i ese ite Wah se aia oie oaae a ahaa ad 34 Boreal land and freshwater shells, notes on ............ 12 Pera OL A TISCEALIA, .< zine d stin wis ene < ol Lee wate Ot cuales Sees 140 Maranelomalewisit Walker si. sou 0-/s.+ s.0sio<s saisinia vis esis 116 Carychium exiguum floridanum, n. subsp. (pl. 8, f. 4,6). 73 iii iv THE NAUTILUS. NT . b s Sig S blue aic's pine os ae ROR 43 OPCS. LIOR. ive p wine vind x50 sake wh eke eine 42 Cerithopsis anaitis n. n. for C. helena Bartsch not Boettger 72 Chondrus Reichenbach 1828, replaces Modicella Ads. 1854 81 Cireinaria vancouverensis from Unalaska.............. 13 Clark, William Bullock (obituary) .............e-ee0- 68 Collecting shells in a corner of the Sierra Nevada ...... 31 Crenodonta perplicata 0m! Mics sis noe eanw od onede 122 Cuba, collecting days about the Naval Station, Guanta- TinmNO TSOV: .. dod sb 0's bb tue La Vos bP olee olwe alae ktae Went 41 Cumberlandia monodonta Say...............2eeeeeees 121 Drupa foliacea Conrad (pl. 9, f. 1, 2,3)............... 100 Drupa moras tem (pl. 8. 2. 10). sea cee pea eae 102 Drupa tubereulata Blainv. (pl. 9,:f> 4D) 055.5 hence 102 Drnpa-vitiensis Puls, (pl.'9, £. 3) ies 4..4a te Boe nd nee 99 Drupa walkere Pils. and Bryan, n. sp. (pl. 9, f. 4)...... 99 Paymelin Verrall |: ., ss aos sake wae Pd oe ee 131 Epiphragmophora callistoderma Pils. & Ferr., n. sp. (pl. MEAL) in cb wih ci ph om Eaig ey Se pante wipeeieceltcde ERnaee eaten 33, 93 Epiphragmophora fidelis, albimistic .................. 72 Epiphragmophora tudiculata Binn., var. .............. 33 Epiphragmophora veatchii, station of ................- 144 BCE VAG ULUY ORTEGA TOAY soso cck sinless § © oie o,4 atallaleie< Beate 118 Ferrissia (Laevapex) diaphana Hald. (pl. 2, f. 4)...... 3 Perrinsia rivularie Say (pli 2, 3,38) . 2145s. shee] alee see 3 Berrissiinis Walker, Ti, ‘SUDIAM. 5 i65 core lau abides «> eee 2 Penneroln, TAANMIORL eo is hip evs B82 eee oes aa 2 Florida, a list of shells from the east coast of .......... 53 Friday Harbor, Washington, a summer’s collection at... 95 Fusconaia, a new type of the Nayad genus ............ 58 Hnsconais, barnemsne Lea o.oo by» be chis be bee eee 59 HPueccaain overkenais Call: |. oo. cc Sos ae Ee eee ee Fusinus sandwichensis Sowb. (pl. 9, f. 8).............-. 100 Gastrocopta contracta climeana Van. ..............0-- 114 Gratacap, Lonis Pope (obituary) ".\. s\ski<th ¢0.0ma ental 135 Goniobasis livescens Menke 3... 5. 1c. us cqie Ces sh eee 88 Gonionasis lawrencel Lies |. 0)... 5 visu oe & eee 117 Gundiachia ancyliformis Pfr). 5)s°..5 4.25 shoe. nee Gundlachia hinkleyi Walker, n. sp. (pl. 1, f. 10-16, pl. 3, sai Helix hortensis at Digby, Nova Scotia ...............-. 58 Helix nemoralis in Knoxville, Tenn................. 107, 133 Ischnochiton conspicuus, notes on the variation of ...... 37 Ischnochiton pilsbryanus Berry = I. (L.) nipponica Berry ois .fs hoy spo bss va ees ee eee 144 THE NAUTILUS. V PRTC NCSU PANEED Semon claheyel is) ely c!'\c) lu ert) s4\s\2 eo) eee 4.00 6 2 4 Kennerivia rorresterensis. To SPs.) insinse co 6c specs sec se> 134 MAST eMURCE RM ets al a\'ats sc, eisielia\s) $16 4.608 esi «ata es 0,8 3 Lampsilis minor and L. villosa, distinctive characters of. 15 Lampsilis ventricosa cohongoronta in the Potomac River. 40 anc elamatnensis' Hann, (pl 2) 8. 2)... ek wee oe Tare arelmices Moen (pt. 2 fDi ee eee ca eee os 2 Lymnea emarginata mighelsii from Alaska ............ 12 Dyaneine of Oneida bake: NY Ys vii. sce hens’ «aes 92 Prachoceramits Tess) GUNG. oi) t oo, 6 5's ec 2 ens ols cee ste 0.8 2 43 Mrcroniya: Menose: Nigerrimg Dea! 8 es ose s12 sao wore eee 118 Mollusca of Clark County, Arkansas ..........h60.080 109 Mollusea of Oneida Lake, N. Y., further notes on the... 81 Mopalia imporcata lionotus, n. subsp. ...............-.. 126 POSOUNYe PAS INCE Ura RAs Vie. StsSnccaft S <ipy lc ate ora! « 4:'s-050, sie aya Biay’ 125 Mopala' muscosa laevior, 'n.’subsp. .........6...s00ese 126 MirpeamcieLdispre Col 9.5) Qe ei oe aid dave a Gee 99 Naiades, new genera and species of Central American... 47 Nayades, the anatomy of two African ................. 75 Ma ASA Sly cntayae Ny Cite fia scareranehera' a oie «tape otainizew, bast 47 Mecounpa targjuhar: Pisbry) We SPs fs ysis cue swe cee eo « 50 Nesopupa, prigualandiea MiG Pol... eae ee eee eee 51 Nodmamardouclasme. a Unio: si. eis 2 ase eee eles « 128 Nortomearolinta Tame SMOUS 1.853) el. ayes seye nee wee wie (ail Note on the relation of snail fauna to floods ............ 64 LS DUES RAR CORA ALY WRITS 1S J et Se oa a 35, 71, 107, 144 Nova. scotia, collectine at Ditby 00). Ss eek oe eens 57 MN CEEOM CRE OME GIO Te i) Ye cc SO anes shoe Wicaherde) ele ate dae Wialsias 71 Oreohelix handi Pilsbry & Ferriss, n.sp. ...........-- 31, 94 Peristernia thaanumi Pilsbry & Bryan, n. sp. (pl. 9, f. PPMP IR Ma Peleus e, ore eae ee ey tana Gen usta CANS matty sl sieved ea ied sia a 101 fewer OF Oneida Take, Woe Ye) als Seg bad. oe eee ae ees 89 Franormidse of Oneida Lake, Ny Yo so cais esc ce aed ee 90 Paton: SAMipsoml ANCE Y. Y's 7s) < 6 Ls soem o as saw etal gees 114 Plecotrema cubense from the mainland of Florida ...... 55 Evia Meret CULO Exar) Sha is) wales aipuae nleeie atepsesudreie aca s)$ 3 Polygyra albolabris maritima in Massachusetts ......... 108 Polygyra obstricta carolinensis Lea .................-6. 116 On EA: BIT BE DORGAN)? | Ale. oa aie tbo) + aig Sibel Qe a, wi etatw Grae 36 Polygyra columbiana from Unalaska .................. 13 Polygyra texasiana tillandsiw Cockerell, n. var. ........ 36 ESOT ys COLIC THOM %, Lio (tele ese widde Zc. e Ss cunt gierg ava eteyehal yi aes 36 Psoronaias kuxensis Frierson, n. sp. (pl. 7, f. 1, 2)...... 48 MBMGATONS TEGEIVOEO) .).'12). sclaredine aves <.saaeane 34, 69, 108, 140 Beichenbech: 8: AOGLOPIS: i) <srcia ox a ah 6 la w'ehath are ela Gal Nar 79 vi THE NAUTILUS. Rhodacmea cahawbensis Walker, n. sp. (pl. 1, f.4-6).... 7 ETS Ft 5 ed ee Se 8 Rhodacmea filosa Conrad (pl. 3, f. 2) ...........+ee00- 6 Rhodacmea gwatkiniana Walk., n. sp. (pl. 1, f.3,7,9).. 9 SOCAN RNTERIOUL) WN GURL sis Vales dihipie vie 0 pce» cee 8 Rhodacmea rhodacme Walk., n. sp. (pl. 1, f. 1, 2, 8; pl. By Ra) isin pies ORAS Rete Woe ele ee oh Wkib his alelie ine bie Bnoanemes. W alkor, 3s Wes sae side cisco ocisie beena hoe 5 Rnodaowmidrwins, ' ta. SAVERS» 5 5.5045 vin iets spade nekaSe n> 5 Rnocosephala ' Walker, 31, Bech. .s 0 see wsls spe elena lee 8 Sampson, Francis Asbury (obituary) ...............6. 137 Shells collected at Anaheim Bay and vicinity .......... 103 Pisaretus, bs ney Californian |. \.s). vee san xtc iinet ele othe 13 Sinum californicum Oldroyd, n. sp. ..........-+.2eee0- 13 Sonorella rooseveltiana Berry, n. sp. .......-...0ee00- 14 Spatha Kamerunensis Walker 5 « «5 ao .a's.0:0+.¥ cnoileee~ vile 77 SoA WHLDEIO FCPAUIRS ... ba ss fess ous, 's simp eB epee yas 77 Sphaeriidex, notes on reproduction and growth in certain. 16 Spnapruar or Oneida Lake Ml. Ys... 5 5'- ssls.0>s peep rene Strobilops labyrinthica texasiana Pils. & Ferr.......... 114 PRD ORPIGE, POULIN CLIEBE "cA 55s eG 60.8 noon be cee Sec poe a 93 Thysanophora caeca Guppy (pl. 8, £.3)...............- 75 Thysanophora dioscoricola C. B. Ads. (pl. 8, f. 2)....... 75 Thysanophora macneilli Clapp, n. sp. (pl. 8, f.1)....... 74 Prmehyoermon Lowel, 21.500, s\n). 5s bs so ee Fee pe tee 127 WR CHLOE TA TAUAS: 5\5..5 59 ened xcs ass dining SEA ole he ea ee 75 - Limo tétralasmus ‘Say (pl. 05: 2.4) «18 oe kines eae teen 49 imoenide ot Oneida Dake MW: i... secs bediea te eee 83 Unios, on the rate of growth of pond .................- 49 Vallonia cyclophorella septuagentaria Pils. & Ferr., n. POBEE NEN Stans eALERTS ENE ntnl bts v-eioc eo ace MEER TOT AVR SLR Re tehE aaa ene 95 Valvata tricarinata perconfusa Walker, n. n. ........ ‘es Val vecicee OF Oneida Linke, INN. cre atta ee oh wns shoe eka ee 89 Vitrea radiatula circumstriata Taylor ................ 115 Wavarrum. (8 POMPNBdO 0 i)o bs sye.tssosls » eis ieee wc eile eons 105 Vavineride of Oneida Wake, NY on. ol cineesntonpp ier 86 Viviparus malleatus and contectoides in Mass. ......... 107 Wralkerolat ‘Elamrnball oils: cs! 0% site v.08 Gibevo lai le stoves ee ee 2 Winkley, Rev. Henry W. (obituary) ............-e000- 136 Zaehrysia emarginata Pir. (p74. 7) Aise.>srine eh ae eee 79 Zachrysia ramsdeni Pils., n. sp. (pl. 7, f. 5,6) .......... 78 THE NAUTILUS. vil INDEX TO AUTHORS. eye TCT Et yd a a 2 81 pee eer a) Pet er Sa oo e/a, ow id casa sila oo d/o salen 144 EpemPpE RREEI SED nh eh) e a (eas) ds ow ew a alge ela alina'e 107 SOUS EL. LEST AR ae Reba ieee a te eee Ae 71 LE ts SA Bae leo Ck 14, 144 eemence WI MANOEL ERs Acr et 5 Sehr. a < dS ofa's. de cared awnete 99 eg Sen We tss dete Spee hl ss sets x see 37, 103 IRTP COR et re ae cia eis Se ss 4 dae tue 73 REE ET a el eek atid cao og 36, 108, 133 wD Sha sad or eA Bg 10, 12, 34, 93 Lo DISSES SEDGE a PA 31 2 TEAST La 6 Peg Be nih ee 47, 49 PUES: LU DS ae ee en 16 Pree ETT RO ie Ts a) sk thd Sia el nl de wale eee 2 137 2A 8 CTT 2 oS oe A 41 oD SETTERS GS Meteo SRC Paap ee Oe A 107, 186, 140 eee hin eis yey es as Cu eae SMe a ek 72 i /Tiys sy TU CARS Pe 9 ay eR Sen A Bae a 40 EE ATG 2 a 13 CE TIM CAS UB Pe PEP vO cena EY aE 95 Rie iaieemitt APO i 2 ose sha eg'e aos ic 08, 75, 78, 93, 99, 128 PSE EAE ADL Pro ance al vacua odin "ue ot 44, 50, 125 LEPTIN ad ot a ote 2) SUM ds sae eae 64 perp. Oalisaat DYER Ss i. able Sale os dec nteleeeaie 57, 105 LETS WEP Oo" ok © EN SAAT Sei ic EPA ee fa 71 URS EP UE Ree otras en rear ok eee) eee OS Coil. taal Ae 15 Dreger eA) o-oo ees ss casula kd cetais Aimtote nel) a/ar's 1, 35, 51, 53 Th Si SYS ON CR I SA PE Re CU arenes i Oe 109 PELL #01 5 ES Coy A RRA Ne Re ad 134 pol LOSSES EP RC SI le oe OL el ea LE 131 Prine vane ] if op 3.4 ‘ 1: ; 1 J j ") Vike Wee teh S kan by oe \: Va ,eVCSsi MAKGh Arh Cee RA ' fall iit j : \ i Gal 13 *# bf wr al ay anyvys nme he rie + , poner wet eerenvne CCOROCPRS UCUED IGE f | abe ay 8! j ‘ pe peeereers ree an nu , ! ' AY if) ‘ ive HUBER LEED AE? ‘ : het einet& ‘ Wr a ‘ he uence) i ie cheat ot Gea ee a Gy i A | , 7 ; Ue @ 1 iT ( iv ‘ a Tl rere tay 28 i ,* ‘ ¥ » hy r iv, OF " > ~~ i ¢ | | Ly } t WEP wwe lt Ger’ : seu J ye if { bf ia 7 hig wa pevrehehie el eud' yi K, #) br eM J r a ere i \ ‘ oa - Bhai U PAR NL s f f cn CRC P wee ee ee i ‘ 7 1s leh MA Oy so? id , iy, tu) ee ay MwaAUMn eo) ee aoe ree tid) he #5} t A t* Peve Ghat ee i i " , is J us Ee eee avin. i} ht? i fl os ‘ yet eiPue & a wild TF) aus ii ee Oereulré LF ' 7 o) Cerrar teun CAPR ERP UES di’e r ¢ 5 fir + ete ee ReM ED ™ Pim 1) ace AR er ia moe hii 1 t ‘ : rh ORE tees ise at) ye ) . | * a cee A hee ‘ ee CUUNE eerie ‘ vi AA a : me) ee ee eS beeen Bat May's REE By J BS fl 5, . t, ‘ % % bl “i ‘ : oat ' * if se) . ' sf ‘ ' } i ’ ‘ es j THE NAUTILUS. Vou. XXXI. JULY, 1917. No. 1 4& REVISION OF THE CLASSIFICATION OF THE NORTH AMERICAN PATELLIFORM ANCYLIDAE, WITH DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW SPECIES. BY BRYANT WALKER. The North American patelliform species of Ancylidae can be conveniently and naturally arranged in eight genera and sub- genera according to their shell characters. These can again be grouped into three subfamilies characterized by the peculiarities of the radula and jaw. It was hoped that a study of the soft anatomy might reveal other peculiarities co-ordinating with those of the radulae, and for that purpose with the kind assistance of correspondents in England, South Africa and this country a very considerable amount of alcoholic material, representing nearly all of the characteristic groups, was collected, some of which will be very difficult to replace. This material was placed in the hands of a distinguished zoologist, who undertook to work it up. After appropriating and using the material thus obtained, it was a matter of bitter disappointment, after having waited for three years for the completion of the work, reported from time to time to be in progress, to be informed by the gentleman that he should not proceed further with the work as he did not think that it would ‘‘ pay for the trouble considering the more impor- tant anatomical details that await study among other families of mollusks.”’ Under these circumstances the subfamilies represented in our 2 THE NAUTILUS. fauna must for the present be based wholly upon the peculi- arities of the radula and jaw. The arrangement of the Ancylidae proposed by Hannibal, (Pr. Mal. Soc. Lond., vol. x, 1912, p. 147), is not based upon any distinctions of systematic value. The genera and subgenera arranged under the different subfamilies are entirely heterogen- eous and in several instances genera and their subgenera appear in different subfamilies. The whole arrangement is absolutely futile and must be entirely disregarded. The arrangement that I would propose is as follows:— I. Subfamily Lancin%, Hannibal. Jaw as in Lymnaea with two accessory plates. Radula also Lymnaeid in character. Central tooth unicuspid or tricuspid, laterals bicuspid with large quadrate bases, marginals comb- like, the cusps extending beyond the base. This group was proposed, but without any definition, by Hannibal (Navt., vol. xxviii, 1914, p. 24). Genus Lanx Clessin. Lanz Clessin, Con. Cab., Ancylinen, 1880, p. 10. Type, Ancylus newberryi Lea. Example, Lanz patelloides (hea)é » (Pl. 2,etigeak. Subgenus Walkerola Hannibal. Walkerola Hannibal, Pr. Mal. Soc. Lond., X, 1912, p. 149. Type, Lanz ( Walkerola) klamathensis Hannibal, Pl. 2, fig. 2. Conchologically Walkerola appears to bear the same relation to. Lanz that Levaper does to Ferrissia. Genus FisHEROLA Hannibal. Fisherola Hannibal, Pr. Mal. Soc. Lond., X, 1912, p. 151. Type, Fisherola lancides Hannibal. Nothing has been published on the soft anatomy. It is placed here on account of its size, shape and habitat. II. Subfamily Ferrtssi1n=, n. subf. Jaw segmented in plates. Radula with a bicuspid central, laterals obliquely reflected with from two to five small cusps. THE NAUTILUS. | arranged somewhat like the teeth of a comb, marginals also comb-like, cusps not (usually) extending to the basal line. Genus Ferrissta Walker. Ferrissia Walker, Naut., XVII, 1903, p. 15. Type, Ancylus rivularis Say. Pi. 2, fig. 3. Subgenus Levapex Walker. Levapex Walker, Naut., XVII, 1903, p. 15. Type, Ancylus fuscus C. B. Adams. Example, Ferrissia (Levapex) diaphana (Hald.). Pl. 2, fig. 4. For reasons stated elsewhere (Naut., XXVI, p. 117), I can not follow Hannibal in subordinating Ferrissia to Levaper. I agree fully with Gwatkin (J. of Con., XIV, 1914, p. 147), that Ferrissia represents the most primitive type of radula, so far as yet known, in the Ancylide. The world-wide distribution of the genus is evidence tending in the same direction. Levapex is restricted to America and is, to my mind, clearly an offshoot from the more ancient Ferrissia stock. In addition to its pecu- liar shell characters, there is some evidence tending to show a slight divergence also in the character of the lateral teeth, but hardly sufficient to justify its generic distinction. Genus GuNDLACHIA Pfeiffer. Gundlachia Pfeiffer, Zeitschr. fur Malak., VI, 1849, p. 98. ‘Type, Gundlachia ancyliformis Pfr. Pl. 3, fig. 1. Poeyia Bgt., (1862), and Kincaidella Hann., (1912), are synonyms, being based on immature or non-septate stages, but the latter name may be retained for the group with striate apices. Gundlachia, like Ferrissia, includes two groups characterized by the presence or absence of radial sculpture on the apex. I have examined all of the described species except G. cre- pidulina Guppy from Trinidad and G. lucasi Suter from New Zealand. Sub-genus Gwndlachia s. s. Apex smooth, except for light concentric wrinkles. Type, Gundlachia ancyliformis Pfr., Cuba. The following species also belong in this group: 4 THE NAUTILUS. G. bakeri Pils., Brazil; hinkleyi Walker, Guatemala and Ajal- marsoni Pfr., Honduras and Texas. Sub-genus Kincaidella Hannibal. Apex radially striate. , Kincaidella Hannibal, Pr. Mal. Soc., London, XII, 1912, p. 148. Type, Ancylus fragilis Tryon—Gundlachia californica Row. Californica Rowell, (March, 1865), has priority over fragilis Try., (June, 1863), if the date given by Binney, (L. and F. W. Sh., II, p. 149), is correct. Kincaidella also includes the following species: G. beddomei Pett. (MSS.), and petterdi John. from Tasmania; neozelanica Suter from New Zealand; U’hotelleriei ‘‘ Bgt.’’ Walker from Egypt; a species as yet undescribed from Cape Colony, S. Africa; californica Rowell, meekiana Stimpson, stimpsoniana 8. Smith and undetermined species from Starved Rock, Ill. and Mobile, Ala., from the United States. The generic position of Ancylus woodsi John. from Tasmania would seem to be somewhat uncertain, (see Hedley, Navr., IX, p. 66), but, if not a Kincaidella, it is a Ferrissia, as the apex is radially striate. It is interesting to notice that Gundlachia s. s. is apparently restricted to the countries bordering the Gulf of Mexico and seems to be a purely American group, similar to Levapex, while Kincaidella, like Ferrissia s. s., has a range extending quite around the globe. Ifa natural rather than an artificial system of nomenclature could be used, Kincaidella would represent the older and really typical group and Gundlachia s. s., as a more recent off-shoot from the original race, would become a sub- genus. I have not seen Troschel’s description of the radula of G. ancyliformis mentioned by Hedley, (Naut., IX, p. 62). The radule of the three American species that have been figured, californica, meekiana and hinkleyi, are all very similar to each other and quite different from that of either Ferrissia or Leva- pex. That of G. neozelanica Suter as figured in T. N. Z., XXVI, pl. 14, fig. 5 is similar in the small number of cusps on the: THE NAUTILUS. 5 side teeth, but differs in having them longer and sharper, those of the marginals extending beyond the base. This characteristic difference in the raduJa would seem to definitely establish the generic validity of the group. III. Subfamily Ruopacmern», n. subf. Jaw composed of numerous segmented plates. Radula with a long, slender central, unicuspid or faintly bicuspid, and with the base widely expanded in some species: the first lateral very large with an enormous mesocone, the blade-like cusp extend- ing beyond the base, the ectocone is back of the mesocone, en- tirely separated from it and has several small cusps; there is no endocone. The four laterals are similar in shape but diminish rapidly in size toward the margin, these are succeeded by two or three transition teeth, smaller and with more or less imper- fect cusps. The marginals are very small, rapidly decreasing in size toward the outer edge, with large quadrate bases, wider than high, vestigial, the cusps being nearly, if not quite, obsolete. The rows of teeth are more or less V-shaped and with the immense laterals and minute marginals present a remarkable appearence quite unlike any other group belonging to the family. Gwatkin, (J. of Con., XIV, 1914, p. 147), has already com- mented upon the resemblance of the radula to that of Brachypo- della. All of the species known to belong to this group have the apex of the shell tinged with pink. Genus RHODACMEA, DN. g. Shell patelliform, conical, elevated or depressed, apex tinged with pink. Radulaand jawasinthe subfamily. Soft anatomy otherwise unknown. Type, Ancylus filosus Conrad. Pl. 3, fig. 2. The species belonging to this genus are not confined to the Coosa drainage as Gwatkin supposed, but are also found in both the Tennessee and Ohio systems. As in Lanz and Ferrissia, two well marked groups are repre- 6 THE NAUTILUS. sented in this genus, the one with an elevated and the other with a depressed shell. Section Rhodacmea, s. 8. Shell elevated. Radula with a unicuspid central, which has the base triangularly expanded; laterals with the cusp of the mesocone extending but little beyond the base and not over- lapping the base of the central tooth. Type, Ancylus filosus Conrad. I. Reopacmea Fritosa (Conrad). Ancylus filosa Conrad, F. W. Shells, 1834, p. 57. When I wrote of this species in 1904, (Naut., XVIII, p. 75) I had not seen any specimens from the Black Warrior River, Conrad’s original locality. The specimens then before me as was stated, were not typical in that they lacked the ‘‘ numerous, radiating, prominent lines’’ described by Conrad. Since that time a considerable amount of additional material has been received from Mr. H. H. Smith, which fully confirms the origi- nal diagnosis. One set from the Black Rock Shoals of the Black Warrior River are rather thin, of a light translucent green color with the apex tinged with rose and are very strongly radi-. ately striate, the ribs extending from the apex to the periphery. The largest specimen measures 4.25 x 3x2 mm. These shells are undoubtedly typical. Similar specimens are before me from the Coosa River from several localities, viz., two miles above Coosa Valley, St. Clair Co.; Ten’ Island Shoal near Lock no. 2; Leota Shoal; Three Island Shoal, Wilsonville, Shelby Co.; and Vincent Shoal, two miles above Upper Clear Creek. Also from Tallassahatchee Creek, four miles east of Childersburg; Beaver Creek at Greens- port and Canoe Creek. All the shells from these localities are quite typical in form, but are uniformly thicker and more heavily striated than the Black Warrior specimens. This heavily striated form seems to be the characteristic expression of the species in the Coosa and its tributaries. The Cahawba River specimens from Lewis and Call mentioned in my former paper, while lacking the strong THE NAUTILUS. 7 Tadial striae, are in texture and shape like the typical shells from the Black Warrior. While this smoother form quite probably represents a local race worthy of recognition, as it has not been found by more recent collectors and no exact localities for it are known, it hardly seems advisable to do more than to call attention to its peculiarities until more definite information as to its precise range can be had. RHODACMEA CAHAWBENSIS, n. sp. Pi. I, figs. 4-6. Ancylus filosus Walker, Naut., XVIII, 1904, p. 76, pl. vi, figs. 1-6. Shell elevated, obtusely conical, broad oval, somewhat wider behind the apex than before it; apex obtuse, siightly behind the longitudinal centre of the shell, scarcely, if at all, turned toward the right side, apical sculpture entirely eroded in all specimens seen; yellow horn color slightly tinged with green, apex rose color; anterior slope convex toward the apex, straighter below; posterior slope nearly rectilinear; lateral slopes slightly convex, the left. being more oblique than the right; lines of growth strong and irregular, slightly rippled by radial lines, which sometimes become obsolete radial striez. Length 4.5; width 3.5; alt. 2.5 mm. Types, (no. 43453 Coll. Walker), from the Cahawba River, Gurnee, Shelby Co., Ala., collected by H. H. Smith. Cotypes in the collections of the Acad. of Nat. Science, Philadelphia, George H. Clapp and John B. Henderson. Also from Cahatchee Creek and Yellowleaf Creek, Shelby Co., Ala. The single specimen from the latter locality shows subobsolete radial stria- tion very much like the ‘‘ Coosa River’’ specimens in the Lewis collection which in my former paper I referred to jilosa, but which I now think belong to this species. The fact that the heavily striated jilosa is quite characteristic of the Coosa, where this species has not been found by Mr. Smith in his extensive collections, makes me doubt whether the Lewis shells really did come from the Coosa itself. Unfortunately no exact locality is given by Lewis and the question must remain undetermined. This species is more closely related to the elatior Anth. of the Tennessee drainage than to any of the known species of the 38 THE NAUTILUS. Alabama system. Compared with that, it is smaller, narrower, with a more obtuse apex, the posterior slope is straight and not convex and the lateral slopes less oblique than in that species. The tinted apical area seems smaller than in the other species of the genus and is frequently lost entirely from erosion. The radula has not yet been examined, RHODACMEA ELATIOR (Anthony). Ancylus elatior Anthony, Ann. N. Y. Lyc., VI, 1855, p. 158, pl. v, fig. 20. No additional information in regard to this species can be given at this time except that the radula of a specimen from the Tennessee River at Florence, Ala., collected by Hinkley agrees with that of jilosa in the characters of the central and lateral teeth. A very considerable collection from the Tennes- see made by Mr. H. H. Smith has not yet been worked over and may add materially to our knowledge of the species when critically examined. RHODACMEA HINKLEYI (Walker). Ancylus (Ferrissia) hinkleyi Walker, Naut., XXI, 1908, p. 139, pl. Ix, figs. 11-13. The species listed from the Tennessee River at Florence, Ala., . as ‘‘ Ancylus rhodaceus Walker’’ by Hinkley in 1906, (Nauvrt. XX, p. 40), but not described, is the same as that subsequently described under this name in 1908. The radula of the Tennes- see River specimens agrees with those of jilosa and elatior in sectional eharacters. Section Rhodocephala, n. sect. Shell depressed. Radula with a faintly bicuspid central which has the sides of the base straight and not expanded; laterals with the cusp of the mesocone extending far beyond the base and overlapping the base of the central tooth. Type Rhodacmea rhodacme Walker. RHODACMEA RHODACME, n. sp. PI. I, figs. 1, 2 and 8. Shell depressed, conical, obovate, the greatest width being THE NAUTILUS. 9 just behind the apex, apex subcentral, only slightly behind the centre, obliquely elevated, acute, spine-like, somewhat turned toward the right side, finely radially striate, apical depression small, oval and situated on the left side of the tip of the apex; pale green with the apical region deeply tinged with rose color; anterior stope very slightly convex; posterior slope oblique and nearly rectilinear below the base of the apex; lateral slopes slightly convex and about equally oblique; growth lines regular, fine and distinct, the apical striae extend down over the upper part of the shell giving a shagreened appearance to the surface as they intersect the growth lines, but become mere ripples toward the margin. Length 5.25, width 4, alt. 1.25 mm. Types, (No. 20371 Coll. Walker), from the Coosa River at Williamsville, Shelby Co., Ala., collected by A. A. Hinkley. Cotypes in the collection of Mr. Hinkley. Also from the Coosa River above Wetumpka (Hinkley) and at Leota Shoals; Fort William Shoals; Shoal two miles above Coosa Valley; Vincent Shoal two miles: above Upper Clear Creek and Peckerwood Shoals (H. H. Smith). All of the Smith shells were found on or under stones, which is apparently the usual habitat of the species, differing in this respect from filosa, which is almost invariably found on living Pleuroceride. I have adopted for this species the very appropriate name suggested by Dr. Pilsbry soon after its discovery. The peculiar depressed shell of rhodacme with its spine-like apex and characteristic radula differentiate it very sharply from the species included under Rhodacmea s..s. and justifies the establishment of a special section for it and similar species. RHODACMEA GWATKINIANA, n. sp. PI. I, figs. 8, 7 and 9. Shell rather small, depressed conic, oval; apex nearly cen- tral, somewhat turned to the right, acute and spine-like, finely radially striate; apple-green with the apex tinted with old-rose color; anterior slope slightly convex; posterior slope oblique and nearly straight below the projecting apex; lateral slopes straight below the base of the apex and equally oblique; growth 10 THE NAUTILUS. lines rather coarse and irregular, the entire surface covered with low, coarse, rather distant radial striae extending to the edges. Length 3.5, width 2.5, alt. 1 mm. Types, (No. 43454 Coll. Walker), from Butting Ram Shoals, Coosa Co., Ala., collected by H. H. Smith. Cotypes in the collections of T. H. Aldrich, George H. Clapp and John B. Henderson. All of the specimens were found on living Pleuroceride. This beautiful little species, which groups with rhodacme in its depressed shape and spine-like apex as well as in its radular characteristics, differs from it in its small size, more regularly oval shape and the greater development of radial strize over the surface. It is named in remembrance of the late Rev. Prof. H. M. Gwatkin of Cambridge, England, to whom I am indebted for practically all of the radula preparations used in this paper and who was the first to observe and point out the remarkable char- acter of the radula in the different species of the genus. I am indebted to Dr. Pilsbry for the slide representing the radula of Lanx patelloides. All of the other radule figured were prepared by Prof. Gwatkin, and all of the figures were drawn by Mrs. Lydia M. H. Green formerly connected with the. . U. S. National Museum. A NEW SPECIES OF ASTARTE FROM ALASKA. BY WILLIAM HEALEY DALL. In 1865 Dr. Philip Carpenter described from a single speci- men a species of Astarte from Puget Sound, to which he gave the specific name of compacta. This type remains in the collec- tion of the National Museum as number 4509. This species has remained extremely rare, only three or four others, some eroded and doubtful, have come to hand during the half-century which has passed. This is probably due to. the fact that the right locality had not been dredged, for the- THE NAUTILUS. Hy species of this genus are usually very abundant in their chosen places. Recently Mr. G. Willett, warden of the Forrester Island res- ervation in southern Alaska, has succeeded in getting an excel- lent shell-collection at this isolated spot; among the shells thus obtained was a good series of Astarte compacta. With this, and for a time confused with the latter, is what seems to be a new species of Astarte, which Mr. Willett in arranging his collection was the first to discriminate. He had the kindness to send me his fine mounted series of both species for examination, the re- sult of which is not only that a new species is identified, but it is shown that A. compacta as well as the new form belong to the typical section of the genus, both forming at intervals cren- ulation of the inner margin of the valves. The only specimens of A. compacta previously available happened to be in the stage without crenulations. The new form is best described by a comparative diagnosis. ASTARTE WILLETTI, 0. sp. Shell small, of a yellowish-brown externally, milk-white in- ternally ; the external sculpture of small concentric waves is more regular and constant than in compacta ; the form is more oval and the beaks more anterior than in that species, and wil- letti appears to attain a larger size. In compacta the lunule is relatively narrower and longer than in the new species. In the interior the hinge of the latter is better developed than in com- pacta, all three teeth being usually represented, while in com- pacta the posterior and particularly the anterior cardinal is fre- quently obsolete or absent. The shell substance of A. compacta is more translucent and bluish, and the crenulations of the valve margin when present are distinctly smaller and less conspicu- ous than in willetti. The measurements of two forms are as follows, the largest specimen of a series of some twenty-five specimens being selected in each case. Height. Length. Diameter. A. willetti 14 16 8 mm. A. compacta 12 12 6 mm. 12 THE NAUTILUS. The specimens were dredged in about 50 fathoms. The um- bones in A. willetti are 6.0 mm. behind the anterior end of the shell; 4n A. compacta about 5.5 mm., the result being that the latter has a more triangular outline. The type of A. willett? is number 216364 of the catalogue of mollusks of the U. S. Na- tional Museum. NOTES ON BOREAL LAND AND FRESHWATER SHELLS. BY WM. H. DAULL. The National Museum has received a small lot of fresh-water shells from Dr. T. E. Winecoff, stationed at Fort Yukon, Alaska, nearly on the Arctic circle, which are of more than ordinary interest. They were collected from a small pond near the fort and the large Lymnaea abounded in such numbers as to give a pinkish tint to the water in which they were, accord- ing to the collector. The species are: Lymnaea appressa Say, rather small for the species, and of a brownish tint not unlike the usual color of L. palustris. Iymnaea palustris Miller. Ordinary type and size. Lymnaea emarginata mighelsii Binney. Not known so far northwest. Planorbis trivolvis Say, medium size, abundant. Planorbis crista Linné, one specimen. Nearest known locality is Carberry, Manitoba. Pisidium vesiculare Sterki, one specimen. During a cruise in Bering Sea last summer, Mr. G. Dallas Hanna touched at St. Mathew Island in the northern part of Bering Sea. From small ponds in the island he obtained the following species: Aplexa hypnorum Linné. Planorbis parvus Say. Valvata mergella Westerlund. Pisidiwm scutellatum? Sterki. Succinea chrysis Westerlund. THE NAUTILUS. 13 Several times during the last few years I have received the two forest snails Polygyra columbiana and Circinaria vancouver- ensis from Unalashka. At first I felt confident that some error had occured in labeling, as during my visits at that locality, 1871 to 1880, there was no grove or forest to shelter them and assiduous collecting failed to reveal their presence. However, in 1899 I found the transplanted Sitka spruce planted on one or two of the islets in the bay had made an extraordinary growth, and as these snails are always associated with the spruce and fresh specimens have been lately received from the locality, I can no longer doubt that the introduction of the species and its acclimation have been successful. The Circinaria are small and of a dark olive-green, the Polygyra normal. A NEW CALIFORNIAN SIGARETUS. BY MRS. IDA S. OLDROYD. SINUM CALIFORNICUM, N. sp. Shell white, convex, spirally striate above, with epidermis of a rusty yellow; a thin columellar callus reflected nearly over the umbilicus showing only a faint trace of umbilicus; interior snow-white. This has been called Sigaretus debilis Gld., but it is not like the specimens from Lower California. It differs from S. concavum in not being as convex, and the interior being white, and the early whorls are much smaller, and from S. debile in being convex and larger. SS. debile is very flat, the early whorls are smaller and fewer. Length of shell 38 mm., breadth 18 mm., height 18 mm. The type comes from San Pedro, California. The type and nine specimens are in the Oldroyd collection at Stanford Uni- versity. Others are in the collection of the U. S. Nat. Museum, from localities ranging from Monterey, Cal., to Todos Santos Bay, Lower Cal. 14 THE NAUTILUS. A NEW SONORELLA FROM ARIZONA. BY S. S. BERRY. Mr. George Willett has sent in specimens of a Sonorella from Gila County, Arizona, which do not seem referable to any of the described species. A diagnosis is accordingly offered below. SONORELLA ROOSEVELTIANA new species. The shell is depressed. In the type the spire is low conoidal, but in some specimens is higher, while in others is raised but little above the level of the principal whorl ; umbilicate, the umbilicus contained about eight times in the major diameter ; very thin and fragile. Whorls 44 to 44. Embryonic whorls a little less then 14, the initial half-whorl very finely, irregularly, radially, wrinkled-costulate, the wrinkles becoming finer and more wavy in the following whorl, where they are crossed by a series of fine, delicate, raised lines, passing obliquely down- ward and forward from the summit of the whorl] to the suture, the sculpturing sometimes showing with beautiful regularity over most of the whorl. Yet when aseries of shells is examined the finer sculpturing shows great variation. Frequently the ~ incised lines are more or less interrupted, especially near the summit, into elongate papillae which later coalesce. Some- times lines or papillae are evident running in a direction counter to those just described and intersecting them. Above the sum- mit, where the wrinkly lines of growth come closer together, the appearance is more granular and less distinct, but occasional traces of similar lines apparently pass obliquely downward (actually upward on account of the depression of the whorl at the suture) and backward from the superior suture to the sum- mit. In most of the specimens the fine wrinkling becomes al- most granulose. The next whorl-and-three-quarters show irre- gular growth-lines crossed obliquely by lines of minute papillae, though I can make out no bristles with the aid of such magni- fying power as happens to be by me. The last whorl is appar- ently smooth except for the lines of growth. This whorl is moderately wide and descends slightly in front. The aperture THE NAUTILUS. 15 is subcireular and very oblique. The peristome is thin, its margin only slightly thickened and scarcely at all expanded or reflexed except at the base. There is an excessively delicate parietal callus. The type measures, alt. 8, major diam. 16.5, lesser diam. 14 mm. ; diam. of umbilicus 2 mm. ; aperture § x 8 mm. Largest specimen, alt. 11, major diam. 19 mm. Smallest adult, alt. 7, major diam. 15 mm. Type: Cat. No. 3733 of the writer’s coilection. A paratype is Cat. No. 117086 of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Phil- adelphia, and another is in the collection of George Willett. Type Locality : Roosevelt, Gila County, Arizona; in rock slides on north slopes, 2200 ft. altitude. 31 specimens exam- ined, taken by Mr. George Willett, December 15, 1914, and November 1916. Remarks: Although the shell characters of this modest species offer no very striking peculiarities, I have been unable to iden- tify it with any of the sixty or so described members of the genus. There is apparently no end to the Arizonan Sonorellas. As compared with the other species of which I have seen speci- mens, S. rooseveltiana seems more than usually thin and fragile. The general porportions of the shell, as the spire, aperture, and so on, are quite variable. Some of Mr. Willett’s shells have found their way into other collections as S. coloradoensis Stearns, from the figures a quite different species. Redlands, California. THE DISTINCTIVE CHARACTERS OF LAMPSILIS MINOR AND L. VILLOSA. ; BY T. VAN HYNING. In sending out specimens of the Unionidae of Florida from the Florida State Museum, we have stated of Lampsilis villosa B. H. Wright, and Lampsilis minor Lea, that it was impossible to differentiate with certainty all of the adult specimens; this 16 THE NAUTILUS. being due to the eroded umbones, but with young specimens showing umbonal sculpture, it was an easy matter. Simpson says in his Descriptive Catalogue for both species, that the um- bonal sculpture was not seen; hence no description. This museum has numerous specimens of young and adult of both species recently collected, and the young show the umbonal sculpture of both species to be composed of about four coarse ridges; in minor they are circular and in villosa V-shaped looped. Mr. Frierson, in a letter of November 27, '16, writes that he has discovered how to differentiate the adults of these two species. He calls attention to an additional small muscle scar (cicatricula?) at the upper end of the anterior muscle scar (cicatrix) in minor. I have just found time to go over the specimens in this museum and open them up, and separate them according to Mr. Frierson’s discovery, and I am now prepared to give some additional information. In the majority of specimens a glass is required to see the small scar referred to, and then in the majority of specimens the small scar, instead of being separate, is but an extension of the larger one, which makes it still harder to determine. Simpson says, of minor, ‘‘ anterior scars deep,’? and of villosa ‘‘muscle scars scarcely impressed.’? In opening a shell, the deep scar in minor is at once noticeable from the shallow one of villosa. Minor is a heavier, wider, and shorter shell than villosa, and the anterior distance from the umbo is shorter in minor. Florida State Museum. NOTES ON REPRODUCTION AND GROWTH IN CERTAIN VIVIPAROUS MUSSELS OF THE FAMILY SPHAERIIDAE. BY RALPH J. GILMORE. The present study was undertaken in an effort to determine the nature of the reproductive process in certain common forms of the family Sphaeriidae. For a long time incubation of the young has been known to occur in European forms, but no in- vestigation has been made of related forms from America. THE NAUTILUS. 17 HistoricaL. Jacobsen (1828) noted the fact that embryos of Cyclas develop in sacs. He observes that ‘‘each ovary is composed of a number of small cylindrical sacs or capsules. When impregnated, these sacs increase in bulk and gradually protrude from the abdomen. By this protrusion they are intro- duced into the gill cavity but still retain connection with the interior membrane of the ovary. These capsules contain the eggs and the young are developed in them. Each one contains but one egg or young one. As soon as the young has reached a certain size, the capsule bursts and the young is ejected into the gill cavity. We find in the gill cavity at one and the same time, capsules and young both large and small.’’ Apparently the only part of Jacobsen’s observations which is correct, is the fact that the young develop in sacs. Later authors fail to con- firm his work. Oskar Schmidt (1854) investigated the anatomy of Cyclas calyculata. Franz Leidig (1855) studied the anatomy of Cyclas cornea. Stepanoff (1865) was the first to point out the brood pouch of Cyclas in its true relation. His observations were confirmed in 1885 by Ziegler. However, the work of both of these men was directed mainly toward segmentation and development of the embryo and their observations on the brood pouch were mere casual notes. In one of his plates Ziegler shows a diagrammatic figure including a small portion of a brood pouch. De Bruyne (1898) in a work on phagocytosis figures a brood pouch. Poyarkoff (1910) published a prelim- inary note on the incubation of embryos of Cyclas. This was followed in 1911 by a paper on the same form by Schereschewsky. Both of these authors gave considerable attention to the cellular structure of the pouch, its origin and function. The only work that has been published on American forms is that of Drew, who in 1894 described the anatomy of Sphaerium sulcatum. MarerIAL. The material for this work was collected during the summer and fall of 1913, from ponds and streams in the neighborhood of Ithaca, N. Y. Two forms were observed, Calyculina truncata and Sphaerium sinile. Calyculina truncata is one of the smallest of the Sphaeriidae. It averages about eight millimeters long, and seven high. The shell is very fragile, rhombic ovate, the posterior part very 18 THE NAUTILUS. squarely cut off, the anterior broadly rounded. The surface is smooth and shining with very fine lines of growth. The color is light yellowish green or greenish horn. It occurs in clear fresh-water ponds or the sheltered parts of rivers, usually em- bedded in soft sticky mud, the siphons protruding just above the surface. Very often it may be seen climbing about on sub- merged vegetation. The seasons of greatest apparent abundance are the spring and early summer months. It quite frequently occurs in ponds which are dry throughout the greater part of the year. Sphaerium simile is one of the largest species of the family. An adult specimen may be eighteen millimeters long and thir- teen millimeters high. The shell is rather solid, almost equila- teral, transversely oval (Fig. 10), the anterior and posterior margins almost equal, The surface is shining, pale green, with coarse growth-lines in young specimens but in older ones it is dull, dark brown to black with only those growth-lines evident which mark the ends of growth, periods. It prefers clear, cold streams but may be found in quiet pools of rivers and lakes. It buries itself in soft mud or debris usually an inch or more below the surface. It communicates with the water above through a small hole in the mud. I have no record of this form occurring in places which are not well supplied with water throughout the year. MernHops. During the early part of the work, expanded animals were fixed in hot water or hot mercuric chloride. This method had one great advantage, in that it allowed very litte contraetion of organs. But for cell structure the following was found to be better. The animals were prevented from completely closing the shell by a small piece of wood inserted between the valves. In this condition they were placed in cold saturated mercuric chloride with two to three percent of glacial acetic acid. They were kept in the fixer for twenty-four hours. The acidity of the fixer removed nearly all of the calcium salts of the shell. The remainder was removed by one half to one percent of hydrochloric acid in sixty-seven percent alcohol. The entire animal was imbedded in paraffin. Serial sections were cut from six to ten microns in thickness. Delafield’s THE NAUTILUS. 19 Haematoxylin and orange G. in ninety-five percent alcohol were ‘used as stains. In order to establish the relation of the brood pouch to the gill filaments and water spaces a wax model of parts of a gill was constructed from drawings made on an Edinger machine. REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS. The animal is hermaphroditic. The ‘reproductive organs are situated beneath the pericardium and behind the stomach (Figs 1, 2, 8,4). They consist ofa pair of racemose glands, the anterior part of which produce sperm and the posterior eggs. A common genital duct continues backward, opening into the cloacal chamber of the inner gill near the opening of the kidney. Plate V, Fig. 2, represents the essential parts of an egg fol- licle. Each follicle is lined with a single layered epithelium ‘supported by a very heavy basement membrane. Eggs develop by the enlargement of certain cells of the lining epithelium. When a developing egg has grown to four or five times the size -of the neighboring cells it is pushed out of its position by a pedestal-like growth of the basement membrane. Thus pro- jected into the lumen of the follicle, it continues to develop until mature, when it drops off. The sperm-producing follicles (Fig. 3) are irregularly spher- ical and arranged about their common duct like the parts of a raspberry. ach follicle is made up of a mass of sperm mother ‘cells about its outer part and either fully formed or young sperm cells near the center. The center is hollow and com- municates with the common sperm duct. This duct (Pl. V, Fig. 3) extends a short distance backward where it receives the product of the egg follicle, continuing from that point to the exterior as a common genital duct. Regarding maturation and fertilization Stepanoff (1865) ob- serves, ‘‘ When the egg has reached a certain size it separates more and more from the wall of the basement tissue until it at last becomes free, in the inner part of the follicle and later falls into the outlet of the sex glands. The separation is affected by the increase of the yolk mass and the resulting weight of the egg. Eggs thus fallen into the duct become surrounded by a mass of fully formed sperm, so that, without doubt, fertilization 20 THE NAUTILUS. occurs in this place.’? Schereschewsky says, ‘‘ Fertilization takes place in the gill chamber.” In the majority of the speci- mens of Calyculina and Sphaerium ripe sperm and eggs were found to occur in the same individual. None of the specimens had eggs in the genital duct. BREEDING Seasons. The breeding season probably continues through the greater part of the year. Observations on this point have been very meager. Animals taken in November and December of 1913 were found to contain, in newly formed brood pouches, eggs some of which were unsegmented and others in very early cleavage stages. Considerably over fifty adult speci- mens have been sectioned. All were found to contain young in several stages of development. Gitts. Before considering the structure of the brood pouch it will be necessary to look into the structure of the gills. The gills are four in number, an outer and aninner pair. The outer is much smaller than the inner and falls short anteriorly by about a fourth of its length. Each gill has two lamellae. The outer lamella of the outer gill is attached to the mantle; the inner lamella of the outer gill is attached to the outer lamella of the inner gill and the inner lamella of the inner gill is at- tached to the body. It is the outer lamella of the inner gill which contains the brood pouches. The lamellae are made up of gill filaments (Figs. 7, 8, and 11). <A typical filament may be compared to a rubber tube sharply bent on itself to form a letter Y. Each filament of one lamella is therefore continuous with one of the other lamellae. The open part of the letter Y represents the cloacal chamber. All water which passes between the filaments finds its way into. this chamber and from thence to the exterior. In the anterior and posterior parts of the gill the cloacal chamber is very much reduced (Figs. 8 and 11). Each filament is a hollow tube which in frontal section ap- pears as an irregular ellipse (Figs. 8 and 11). The outer part is made up of a single layer of heavy cells, strengthened by chitinous rods (Fig. 8). The inner part is a single layer of flattened cells forming a very thin membrane. The hollow THE NAUTILUS. 21 part of a filament is the blood space. This blood space may be rossed by an irregular loose network of web-like threads. These probably serve to prevent the membrane from collapsing. In the ventral part of the gill, except at the ventralmost part, the blood spaces of the two lamellae are kept separate as is shown (Figs. 5, 7 and 11). At irregular intervals adjacent filaments are joined by inter- filamentary junctions (Figs. 7, 8 and 11). Small ribbon-like bands of fibrous chitin may join several filaments for a short space. These by holding the filaments together give definite shape to the lamellae which would otherwise be a tangle of tubes. Another type of junction (Fig. 8) is made by the direct fusion of the elements of two adjacent filaments. This is the more common form of junction in the dorsal part of the gill. At the most dorsal part the filaments lose their identity entirely and fuse to form large blood spaces. Between the filaments are water spaces which communicate with the mantle chamber on the outside and the cloacal cham- ber on the inside. Water is kept flowing from the mantle cham- ber to the cloacal chamber and the excurrent siphon by cilia. The outer surface of the filaments is covered with short cilia, the sides have a narrow row of longer ones. CIRCULATION OF THE BLoop. The most important function of the gills is the purification of the blood. Blood leaves the ventricle by two main arterial trunks, the one supplying the anterior and the other the posterior part of the body. These vessels end in blood spaces which have no definite wall. The spaces of the greater part of the body pour their blood into the inner lamella of the inner gill (Fig. 5). Passing first ventrally in this lamella, it turns at the bottom of the gill and comes up- ward through the outer lamella. In the dorsal part of this dJamella the filaments fuse to form a large sinus which becomes the auricle and empties into the ventricle. The outer gill de- rives its supply of blood from the mantle and such parts of the body as are near by. Blood enters the outer lamella, crosses to the inner lamella and enters the heart by the same channel that carries blood from the inner gill. It should be noted that the brood pouches are admirably located. For they are bathed 22 THE NAUTILUS. by blood which has just left the alimentary tract and later received its supply of oxygen. Broop Poucn. Fig. 8 represents a fully formed brood pouch as seen in frontal section. The pouch has two distinct walls, an outer and an inner. ‘These are direct continuations of the heavier portions of adjacent gill filaments. The outer wall con- sists of a thin one-celled membrane made of flat expanded cells. This wall is, in every respect, similar to the membranous part of the gill filaments. The inner wall is also made up of a single layer of cells. A part of this wall is similar to the outer wall though the major portion is composed of very thick glandular cells. Between the outer and the inner walls is a blood space. This space is a modification of the spaces of the two filaments to which the two walls are attached (Fig. 11). Numerous web- like cross threads occur in the blood space. These are similar to those which are found in the spaces of typical filaments. They furnish another proof that the two walls are mere modifi- cations of filaments. The brood pouch may contain but one embryo (as in Fig. 8) or it may enclose a number (as in Fig. 11). A pouch may involve two filaments and only two (as in Fig. 8) or it may be constructed from the parts of several. The inner wall of such a pouch is thrown into folds which di- vide it into communicating chambers. These folds probably represent the contributions of the several filaments. Just how the pouch originates is still an open question. Stepanoff (1865) and Schereschewsky (1913) believe it to be a modification of gill filaments. In Calyculina and Sphaerium all the available evidence points to such an origin. The wax model shows the pouch to be a modification of ordinary fila- ments. The same filaments enter into the structure of the pouch throughout its extent. Poyarkoff (1910) offers this theory for the origin of the pouch: ‘‘When the embryo comes into contact with the gill filaments, it is surrounded and enclosed by leucocytes. Later these ar- range themselves in two layers forming the brood pouch.’? He considers ‘‘the incubation of embryos in Cyclas as a case of ectoparasitism accompanied by the formation of a follicle at least in part, perhaps altogether mesodermal.’’ Schereschewsky THE NAUTILUS. 23 "reviews Poyarkoff’s work and can find no good evidence to substantiate it. One fact may be significant to show that the glandular inner wall is not a structure which must be derived from other sources than filaments. In the dorsal part of the gills all of the fila- ments are fused to form a heavy-walled blocd sinus. This wall is made up of cells which, in every respect, resemble those of the inner wall of the brood pouch. NUTRITION OF THE EmpBryo. Schereschewsky observes that the embryo in the brood pouch is bathed by a distinet fluid which contains many acidophile granules. This fluid is the secretion of the large gland cells of the inner wall of the pouch. Poyarkoff has a different theory. He says, ‘‘ there are large cells of the inner wall of the brood pouch which serve for the nutrition of the embryo. At a certain time they become de- tached and fall into the lumen of the pouch. Their cytoplasm becomes homogeneous and eosinophile. Their nuclei take a uniform stain. The chromatin granules become almost com- pletely indistinct. The embryo swallows these large cells. I have found these large shells in the intestine of some embryos. Stepanoff (1865) and Ziegler (1885) have noted this mode of nutrition.’’ Poyarkoff further observes that the cells which have thus fallen into the cavity are replaced by leucocytes. Figure 9 is a copy of one of his illustrations. Schereschewsky has reviewed these observations and can find no evidence to justify them. In Calyculina and Sphaerium I have found un- doubted evidence of secretion in the brood pouch. I have found a few cells thrown out into the lumen of the pouch but have considered this a normal phenomenon to be expected among actively secreting cells. As to the cells supposed to have been eaten by the embryo, may these not have been parasites ? SexuaL Maturity. Gross examination of the gills of Sphae- rium revealed young so large that it was thought probable that these young might themselves be bearing embryos. Examina- tion of microscopic sections proved that such a condition does not exist. The smallest specimen found to contain young was ten millimeters long. This is two millimeters longer than the 24 THE NAUTILUS. largest young one found within the brood pouch. Several nine-millimeter specimens were sectioned but none were found to contain young. Young six, seven, and eight millimeters long have sex organs fully formed. I have no sections of very small Calyculina. The young of this form within the parent’s gills are in the same stages of development as to the sex organs, as those of Sphaerium. In the table which follows are included the results of gross examination of a number of Sphaeria. This is incomplete, since it was not possible to determine the presence of any young under five tenths of a millimeter. The animals examined were taken during July, 1913. Size Total Total Percentage Length inmm. Examined Bearing young Bearing Young 7 3 0 0 8 12 0 0 9 27 0 0 10 21 0 0 11 30 0 0 12 45 0 0 13 30 2 6.6 14 40 10 25 15 47 22 46.8 16 64 51 80 17 64 53 83 18 14 14 100° 19 4 | 100 SPHAERIUM BEARING YOUNG OVER .5 MM. Lone. iss Number bearing Total of Per cent of young class class 13 2 30 6.6 14 10 40 25. 15 22 47 46.8 16 51 64 80. 17 53 64 83. 18 14 14 100. 19 4 4 100. THE NAUTILUS. pas S1zE oF YOUNG TAKEN FROM ABOVE SPHAERIUM BY GROSS DISSECTION. Size Frequency Per cent of whole oO 1 04 A 16 6. 1.5 6 2. 2. ov 14, 2.5 9 3. 3. 26 10 3.9 3 1 4, 28 10 5. 37 14 6 41 15 7 55 20 8 8 3 267 young from 400 adults taken haphazard. The size of the young was found to be independent of the size of the parent. An eight-millimeter young is as likely to be in a fourteen-millimeter parent as in one of eighteen milli- meters length. The majority of the above contained two young, one in each inner gill. A few contained four. Similar data were taken from Calyculina which were killed in June 1913. Length of Parent pyimined gunng” = young 7 1 1.5 7 6 I! 1. 4 8 1 1.5 9 7 1 1.5 16 7 1 1.5 10 8 1 2. 5 7 } 5: 3 The great variation in the number of young is probably due to the fact that some had already emerged from the parent pouch. I have no records which include totals of young of all stages. In one specimen I was able to count twenty-four. 26 THE NAUTILUS. No method has been discovered for determining the age of young or the period of incubation. I am inclined to believe that young in Calyculina are carried for one year or more. In a pond which was under observation for a period of over a year, adults were found in April to contain fully formed young. This pond had been dry from July of the year preceding until it became filled by melting snow in March. It had no inlet or outlet and received no overflow floods from any nearby ponds or streams. The number of young produced is probably ten to twenty in Calyculina and two to four in Sphaerium. These figures are based on the fact that these species during early spring contain about the above numbers of young, which when removed from the mother are able to take care of themselves. AGE IN SpHAERIUM. The distinctness of growth-areas or rings in Sphaerium led to the belief that age might be determined by correlating size and number of rings. The entire surface of the shell (Pl. VI, Fig. 10) is thrown into narrow parallel ridges which represent growth-lines. At the beginning of a season these lines are widely separated; at the end they are crowded very closely together. One of these areas constitute a growth ring. In many specimens the several rings are further marked. by slight differences of color due to deposits on the shell. The rings are usually very distinct though there are many forms in which they are very faintly differentiated. The following table includes results obtained by measuring Sphaerium simile. Total rinige Number Ran ge of size A verage size examined in mm. m mm. 1 46 5-10 8.6 2 58 9-14 11.2 3 86 OL 1F 13.2 4 116 12-18 16,9 5 67 12-19 17 6 20 12-19 17 7 6 16-19 17 8 1 18 18 —— ee THE NAUTILUS. on While the above results are not conclusive they are certainly not altogether negative. The following facts seem significant. 1. No individuals attain a length of over 19 mm. 2. No individuals show more than 8 rings. 3. The averages of each class show an increase in length of about 2 mm. per ring. 4. The range of size included within each class is from 5 to 7mm. This seems to indicate either that growth is very irreg- ular in different individuals or that the rings do not indicate seasons. The fact that many specimens have very indistinct lines may account for some of these discrepancies. If one ring represents a year, the average age of a large specimen would be four or five years. Regarding growth in the Unionidae Isely (1913) draws the following conclusions. 1. Rate of growth is exceedingly variable. 2. The summer months are the growth months. 3. Lines of arrested growth may be called rest rings, the con- spicuous ones being usually winter rest rings. Occasionally the rest rings may be two or more years apart; more often, however, several equally prominent rings may be formed in one year. Prominent rest rings are generally due to double pris- matic and epidermal layers. Notes on Ecology. So far as observed the food consists mainly of diatoms. Many forms occur in ponds which become dry during the summer, remaining in that condition until the follow- ing spring. In aquaria I have observed that Calyculina will burrow down to the water level. Isely reports forms of Union- idae which were turned up by a plow in perfect condition. The above observations emphasise the fact that very little is known about the habits of the forms considered. BIBLIOGRAPHY. 1828—Jacobsen, Cycladens anatomiske. Undersolgelse Dansk. Selsk. Naturvid. Afhandl, Vol. III, translated by T. Prime. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, Vol. 5. 28 THE NAUTILUS. 1854—Schmidt, Ueber die Entwicklung von Cyclas calyculata. Millers Archiv. 1855—Leidig, Anatomie und Entwicklungsgeschichte von Cyclas. Miillers Archiv. 1865—Stepanoff, Ueber die Geschlechtorgane und die Entwick- lung von Cyclas cornea. Archiv fur Naturgeschichte, 31 Jahrg., Bd. 1. 1885—Ziegler, Die Entwicklung von Cyclas cornea. Zeitschrift fiir wissenschaftliche Zoologie, Bd. XLI. 1895—Drew, The Anatomy of Sphaerium sulcatum. Proceed- ings of Iowa Academy of Sciences. Vol. IIT. 1895—Cook, Molluses, Cambridge Natural History, Vol. III. 1898—De Bruyne, Sur l’intervention de la phagocytose dans le developpement des Invertebres—Archives de Biologie, ae. 'h 1903— Ridewood, On the Structure of the Gills of the Lamelli- branchia. Philosophical Transactions, Vol. CXCV, B. 1906—Lankester, Treatise on Zoology, Part V. 1910— Poyarkoff, Incubation des embryons et regeneration des branchies chez les Cyclas. Archives de Zoologie Ex- perimentale, P. V. 1911—Schereschewsky, Struktur und Bildung der Bruttaschen bei Cyclas cornea. Zeitschrift fur wissenschaftliche Zoologie, Bd. 98. 1913—Isely, Experimental Study on the Growth and Migration of Fresh Water Mussels. Abstract in Science 1913, P.. 263. EXPLANATION OF PLATES IV-VI. after |>-AA Plate IV. Figure1. <A diagrammatic dissection of Calyculina. M —Mouth K O —Kidney opening Ip —Habial palps 'T —Sperm follicles Es —sophagus OQ —REgg follicles In —Liver G D —Genital duct Sto —Stomach G O —Genital opening Int —lIntestine A A —Anterior adductor R —Rectum muscle A -—Anus P A —Posterior adductor Cb G —Cerebral ganglion muscle Ps G —Parieto-splanchnic Ft —Foot ganglion Cl Ch—Cloacal chamber PG —Pedal ganglion Ex S —Excurrent siphon SS ee ee THE NAUTILUS. 29 Sta —Statocyst In S —Incurrent siphon V —Ventricle G —Gill Au —Auricle Man —Manile Pl —Pericardium Shl —Shell Kd —Kidney Figure 2. Cross section of egg-bearing follicle of Calyculina. O —Egg Ep —Epithelium Bt —Basement membrane Yo —Young egg Figure 3. Cross section of sperm-bearing follicle. Sp Mc—sperm mother cells. Sp —sperm Figure 8. Frontal section of inner gill of Calyculina show- ing brood pouch. Drawn with Edinger machine. O L —Outer lamella Ct —Cross threads Ji —Inner lamella Em —Embryo Ci —Cilia Sh —Shell remains G Fil —Gill filament Cl Ch —Cloacal chamber Bs —Blood space Ge —Gland cells of inner I W —Inner wall of brood wall. pouch Sec —Secretion O W —Outer wall of brood pouch Plate V. Figure 4. Diagrammatic section of sex organs. Calyculina. T —Sperm follicles Gd —Genital duct Or —Hgg follicle G O —Genital opening. Figure 5. Diagrammatic cross section through the region of the reproductive organs. Calyculina. Pp —Pericardium M —Mantle V —Ventricle Ft —Foot Au —dAuricle Cl Ch —-Cloacal chamber Bs —Blood space O —Egg follicle R —Rectum Tt: —Sperm follicles IG —Inner Gill Ne —Nerve cords OG —Outer Gill CT —Connective tissue 30 THE NAUTILUS. Figure 6. Diagrammatic cross section of Calyculina to show opening of genital ducts. G O —Genital opening P —Pericardium NC —Nerve cord kK —Kidney Cl Ch —Cloacal chamber R —Rectum IG —Inner gill Blv —Posterior aorta O G —Outer gill M —Mantle Ft —Foot Figure 7. Frontal section of neutral part of inner gill, show- ing fusion of the two lamellae. Calyculina. IL —Inner lamella [fj —Interfilamentary junc- O L —Outer lamella tions Bls —Blood space Ct —Cross threads Figure 9. Part of inner wall of the brood pouch of Cyclas. (Copied from Poyarkoff). L —tLeucocyte lodged at base of cells F —Leucocyte just entering wall of pouch A —Leucocyte beginning to divide N —Polynucleate cell Plate VI. Figure 10. Shell of Spaerium simile showing growth lines. U —Umbo 1, 2, 3, 4, —Growth lines Figure 11. Diagrammatic reconstruction of a portion of the inner gill of Calyculina, showing the relation of brood pouches to gill filaments. IL —Inner lamella Em —Embryo O L —Outer lamella I W —Inner wall of brood Cl Ch—Cloacal chamber pouch Jf J —Interfilamentary junc- O W —Outer wall of brood. tion pouch G F —Gill filament Bls _—Blood space THE NAUTILUS. 31 COLLECTING SHELLS IN A CORNER OF THE SIERRA NEVADA. BY JAS. H. FERRISS. Prospects along the southern border of Arizona in the summer of 1916 were a little warlike; thus myself and family, two of us, joined with Prof. E. E. Hand, zoological instructor at the Wendell Phillips High School, Chicago, in a vacation to Cali- fornia. The hikers of the Sierra Club were ready for their annual July tramp and we joined their ranks. At Bakersfield we dropped off for a day’s collecting along the banks of the Kern river. That night the club, 260 strong, was overtaken and no further opportunities for collecting were conveniently at hand until we arrived at the forks of the Tulle river the next evening. We left the railroad at Springville in Tulare county. This conservation club of nearly 2,000 members, Jos. Le- Conte, jr., President, and Wm. H. Colby, Secretary, seems to feel it to be a part of their work to show the way to the Cali- fornia mountains, to make them accessible and popular, and in this until his death a couple of years ago, John Muir was their leader. The membership is principally Californians, San Fran- cisco and Los Angeles predominating. Our own state was well represented in this outing, for there were sixteen of us from Chicago and Joliet. These annual excursions show the way to good health, the big trees, the highest mountains and the great canyons and do much to make California attractive to the globe-trotter. We ascended the Kern river Canyon, climbed Kaweah Peak, Mt. Whitney and the Kearsarges, opened the Muir trail and crossed over the range down to Independence, Inyo county, in the Owen valley—a snowbank in camp every night but the last, when we needed it most. It was a delightful journey with delightful people, and the rivers and snowbanks were crossed without accident. It was the seventeenth year under the Colby régime, and practice has made the arrangements so perfect there was no jar in the pro- gram. Next July we ascend the middle fork of Kings river. 382 THE NAUTILUS. After this month of collecting, fishing, music, opera and lec- tures with the Sierra Club we hit the trail for another month with H. D. Gill, one of our packers acquainted with every corner of the range. We gave other lakes and peaks of that vicinity a thorough combing, via Rae lake, down the south fork of the Kings river, returning by the Giant Forest, Mineral King, and Rattlesnake Gulch, and Volcano creek and the Cottonwood lakes, to have a better acquaintance with the golden trout, (roosevelti). I also dropped off at Las Vegas, Nevada, and picked up a few shells. The opportunities for collecting with the Sierra Club were excellent. When the party moved it was but a ten-mile journey for the day. The packers with about 100 horses and mules carried our baggage, provisions and cooking-ranges. A dozen elderly people and the packers had riding horses, the rest of us men, women, boys and girls walked. There were five good cooks and several commissaries, and our only stunt in drudgery was to pick out a soft spot in the timber at evening, unroll the sleeping bag, and roll it up again at five in the morning. At the most attractive points camp was made for a day or two, or sometimes longer. In this portion of the Sierras at least, the snails cling to the meadows and wet ground about the springs. We had no suc- cess in the rocks or timber. Strangers to the habits of California snails, much time was wasted in our efforts to catch them. A Sierra meadow is much the same as the eastern peatbog and though apparently dry in spots, appearances are deceiving. It is all wet collecting. Wood-fungi, Pisidiums, Physas and land shells were found under the same sticks and all apparently thriving in the wetness. Nevada is more upon the plan of Arizona and Utah. Shells were found plentiful at timber line under stone and decaying vegetation. As to moisture and cover the Sierra Nevada is favorable to snail growth, travel, distribution. Simply, it seems one of those situations where the large snails had never been— never settled. The collections for the season were identified by Dr. H. A. Pilsbry and myself jointly as follows : [All stations are within Tulare county, California except when otherwise noted. | a oe) ot THE NAUTILUS. Epiphragmophora callistoderma n. sp. Kern River, 2 miles N. of Bakersfield, Tulare Co., Cal. Oreohelix handi n. sp. Smaller and thinner than O. hemphilli. Charleston Mt., Lincoln Co., Nev. This and the preceding species will be described in the next number. Epiphragmophora (Helminthoglypta) tudiculata (Binn.), var. Panther Creek, Giant Forest, Tulare Co. A single dead speci- men of a small, compact race, not agree closely with any of the named forms of tudiculata. Pupilla sonorana St., var. Charleston Mt., Lincoln Co., Nevada. Gastrocopa pilsbryana St., same locality. Vertigo modesta parietalis Anc., Rae Lake. Vertigo modesta castanea St., Bubbs Creek Falls, mouth of Big Arroyo, Stas. 5, 6, 7 Funston Meadows, Woods Creek, Panther Creek and Ranger in Giant Forest, Onion Valley in Kearsarge Pass, Inyo Co. Vallonia cyclophorella Anec., Inyo Mts., Inyo Co., Calif., Charleston Mt., Lincoln Co., Nev., mouth of Big Arroyo, Tulare Co. Vallonia gracilicosta Reinh., First Kern Butt, Funston Mead- Ows. Agriolimax campestris (Binn.) var. occidentalis (Cooper), Spring Brook at Las Vegas, Nev. Vitrina alaskana Dall, Bubbs Creek Falls, Funston Mead- ows, Little Kern Lake, First Kern Butte, Rae Lake, forks of Tulle River, Panther Creek, Woods Creek, Mouth of Big Arroyo, Waucoba Springs, Inyo county Calif., Onion Valley, Inyo county, Charleston Mts., Lincoln Co. Nev. Euconulus fulvus (Drap.), Bubbs Creek Falls, Stas. 5, 6 and 7 Funston Meadows, Woods creek, mouth of Big Arroyo, forks of Tulle River, Waucoba Springs, Hills near Waucoba Springs and Onion Valley in Inyo Co., Calif., and Charleston Mt., Lincoln Co., Nev. Euconulus chersinellus (Dall. ), Forks of the Tulle River, First Kern Butte, Little Kern Lake, Bubbs Creek Falls. Pyramidula cronkhitei (Newe.), Funston Meadows, Woods Creek, First Kern Butte, Little Kern Lake, mouth of Big Arroyo, 34 THE NAUTILUS, Bubbs Creek Falls, Summit Meadows, Ranger and Panther Creek in Giant Forest, Onion Valley, Inyo Co. Pyramidula shimeki cockerelli Pils., Tyndall Creek, Tulare Co., Waucoba Springs, Inyo Co. Punctum californicum Pils., Forks of Tulle River, Little Kern Lake, Bubbs Creek Falls, Onion Valley, Inyo Co. Succinea stretchiana Bld., First Kern Butte, Stas. 6, 7 and 16 Funston Meadows, Summit Meadow, Giant Forest, Waucoba Springs, Inyo Co. and Charleston Mt., Nev. The lot comprises a large variety of forms between avara and oregonensis as well as small specimens that agree with an au- thentic S. stretchiana received from Bland. The Succineas of this region need revision. Succinea oregonensis Lea, Bakersfield, Big Arroyo and Woods Creek. Also Las Vegas, Lincoln Co., Nevada. Succinea gabbi Tryon, Tank Springs, Mazuka Canyon, Inyo Co., California. Physa virginea gabbi Tryon, Bakersfield, Cal., Las Vegas, Nev. Planorbis traski Lea, (young) Bakersfield, Cal. Pisidium roperi St., Funston Meadows, Summit Meadow, Onion Valley. Pisidium rowelli St., Stas. 6 and 7 Funston Meadows, Siliman and Panther Creeks, and Onion Valley. Pisidium insigne Gabb, First Kern Butte. MRS. MARIA BALDRIDGE. We have recently received notice of the death of Mrs. Maria Baldridge of Los Angeles, California, April 7th, in her 82nd year. Mrs. Baldridge was one of the enthusiastic collectors of the Los Angeles group, who up to an advanced age deyoted her attention to the shells of California with much success, several additions to the fauna being due to her assiduity and now bear her name. She had an interesting if not large collection, and will be missed by her associates not only for her interest in conchology but for her kindly and cordial character. W. H. Datt. PUBLICATIONS RECEIVED. Mo.tusca oF AUSTRALIAN ANTARCTIC ExpEDITION, 1911-1914, Scientific Rept. Ser. C. Zoology and Botany, vol. iv, pt. 1, 1916. By C. Hedley. A valuable contribution to our knowledge of THE NAUTILUS. 35 the Antarctic Mollusca. The dredgings were made along the coast of Adelie Land in Commonwealth Bay and Davis Sea and off Shackleton’s Ice-shelf. Collections were also made at Mac- quarie Island. Two new genera Ovirissoa and Friginatica and forty-one new species and two varieties are described. Illustra- ted by nine plates with excellent figures of the new species and many of the other species from that region. SUMMARY OF THE MOLLUSKs OF THE FAMILY ALECTRIONIDAE OF THE WeEsT Coast oF AmERIcA. By W.H. Dall. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. vol. 51, pages 575-579, 1917. Dr. Dall divides the old genus Nassa, (a name first applied by Bolten to what was later called /opas) from a conchological standpoint pending anatomical researches, into two groups Arcularia with a heavy callus about the aperture and a hump on the back of the last whorl and Alectrion for the reticulate species with little or no callus, no hump, and simple or nearly simple outer lip. Eleven new species included in the genera /hos, Nassarina and Gouldia are described. TEREBRIDAE OF THE JAPANESE Empire. By Y. Hirase. The Hirase Museum 1917. Illustrated by 8 plates with 131 figures. Except for an introductory letter by Marshall R. Gaines the text is in Japanese, but with the excellent figures, explanation to plates and bibliography, the work can be readily used by Western students. Descriptions OF NEw West AMERICAN MARINE MOLLUsKs AND Notes ON PREVIOUSLY DEscRIBED Forms. By Paul Bartsch. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 52, pages 637-681, plates 42-47. May 1917. Fifty three new species are described, embraced in the following genera: Pyramidella, Turbonilla, Odostomia, Cerithiopsis, Bittium and Alvania. One new subgenus, Ugartea, is proposed, the type being Turbonilla juani Bartsch. NOTES. A SInisTRAL AMPULLARIA.—In his recent review of the genus Lanistes, (Proc. Mal. Soc. London, XII, p. 65), Sowerby re- 36 THE NAUTILUS. marks that the only sinistral Ampullaria of which he had heard was that described by Nevill as A. globosa subvar. sinistrorsa. A sinistral A. conica was noticed by Miss E. J. Letson in Nav- vitus XI, p. 88. Through the kindness of Mr. W. F. Webb of Rochester N. Y., I have lately received a fine sinistral speci- men of Ampullaria ampullacea (L.). It is a fresh, beautifully colored example, wholly without erosion and measures 68 mm. in height by 59.5 mm. in diameter. It was collected at Manu- quid, Sarsogon, Luzon.—Bryanr WALKER. VALVATA TRICARINATA PERCONFUSA n. n.—TI find that in 1897 Westerlund, (Ann. Mus. St. Petersb., p. 130), described a Siberian species as Valvata confusa. I would therefore change the name of the variety of V. tricarinata that I described as var. confusa, in 1902 (Naur. XV, p. 124), to var. perconfusa. Tuer Ponsonpy CoLiection has been obtained by Dr. Bryant Walker. It contains 7,500 named species and varieties, repre- sented by 12,500 lots. Mr. Fulton, who inventoried it, says: ‘‘ probably the finest and most complete series of Helicoids ever collected by one individual.”’ An ArporEaL Potyeyra.—At the beginning of April, taking advantage of the short spring vacation, Mrs. Cockerell went to the Brownsville region of Texas in search of bees and flowers. The bees collected include four new species and a subspecies, and two species new to the U. 8. Incidentally, snails were ob- tained,-and from San Benito come Praticolella berlandieriana, Polygyra texasiana, ete. The specimens of P. texasiana are mostly dead shells and of the ordinary form and size, but in the epiphytic Tillandsias on the trees occured a peculiar small variety, with max. diam. 7.3 to 8 mm.; pale brown color, strongly ribbed above, striate beneath. I opened the base of one, and there is no trace of a columellar tubercle such as oc- curs in P. mooreana. This small arboreal race may be called P. texasiana tillandsiz, nov. Type no. 116250 A. N.S. T. D. A. CocKERELL. tie ee WASHINGTON MEETING, 1914 Bryant Walker Geo. H. Clapp T. H. Aldrich John B. Henderson H. A. Pilsbry Wm. H. Dall Paul Bartsch EN SUTILUS. Vou. XXXI. OCTOBER, 1917. No. 2 NOTES ON THE VARIATION OF ISCHNOCHITON CONSPICUUS CPR. BY E. P. CHACE. To the naturalist the study of variation and environment and their relation to each other is always interesting and to the con- chologist who studies his shells in their natural surroundings as well as in the cabinet many things are revealed. It is not, often, however, that variation in form may be so easily traced to qualities of environment as in the following instance. Ischnochiton conspicuus, Cpr. is common at San Pedro and is usually found on the under side of rocks in sandy tidepools. In this situation they grow quite regularly, showing but slight variation in form. They are active fellows and evidently sensi- tive to light; for if the rocks to which they are clinging are turned over, they soon glide away, always taking the shortest route to the under side of the rock. While cleaning a lot of this species taken at San Pedro last fall two specimens were noticed which differed so widely from the others that they might easily have been mistaken for an- other species. They were much wider and lower-arched than the typical form and the posterior corners of the vaives were rounded off, making the lateral areas very narrow. Hoping to find more specimens of this odd form, a trip to Point Firmen was devoted wholly to the collection of chitons, with interesting results. The usual species were found in the tidepools including numerous specimens of IJschnochiton con- spicuus of the ordinary form. Ledges of soft rock beyond the 38 THE NAUTILUS. tidepools contained many old pholad holes and in these were found the form for which I was searching. Twenty specimens of various sizes were collected from as many pholad holes. In the larger specimens the foot had become so greatly enlarged to fit the concave bottoms of the holes that it was impossible for them to curl up in the usual manner. Some of these specimens were so badly eroded by the sand and gravel which wash in and out of the holes that the anterior valve was reduced to two thirds of its normal height. In color pattern, sculpture, and mantle characters these specimens were identical with those from the tidepools, and, as will be seen by referring to the table of measurements, the smaller specimens approach quite closely to the proportions of the typical or tidepool forms. TYPICAL or TrpEPoou Forms. | SprcrmENs From PHOLAD HOLEs, (Lot 1) (Lot 2) Lon. Lat. Index. Div. Lon. Lat. Index. Div. 99 35 2.52 130° 65 33 1.97 135° 83) 33 2.51 130° 63 32 1.97 1559 83 30 2.76 125° 62 27 2.29 140° 62 22 2.80 125° 60 30 2.00 130° 59 23 2.56 130° | 56 29 1.93 130° 38 14 2.71 130° 42 17 2.47 130° In brief, Lot 1 shows an angle of divergence constant at 125° to 130°, where Lot 2 shows an angle varying from 130° to 155°, and a proportion of length to width 2.51 to 2.80 as against a proportion ranging from 2.47 to 1.93. ; The noticeable differences to the eye are first, the narrow and sharply raised lateral areas, and second, the shape of the pos- terior edge of the median valves. In the tidepool specimens the posterior or exposed edge of each valve is a straight line, while in specimens from the pholad holes this line becomes a double convex curve, the most posterior portion of the valves being about midway between the beaks and the girdle. These differences seem to be explained by the following facts. In collecting, the tidepool specimens are usually found on the under side of large rocks and well back from the edge. This situs protects them from the light which they evidently find THE NAUTILUS. 39 objectionable, but it makes necessary a nightly journey of about two feet to the nearest growth of algae on which they feed. This activity stretches the girdle downward from the edges of the valves and permits a free play of all the valves so that the mantle deposits its shelly secretions according to the normal habit of the species. The specimens living in the pholad holes, however, apparently never leave them as they are frequently found feeding on the fucus which overhangs them. It protects them from the light, so they have no occasion to move about, and the sand which is washed down into these burrows would make re-entrance almost impossible. A series of these speci- mens shows a gradual change of form. The young specimens are very similar to young specimens from the tidepools, but as they increase in size they become crowded so that the valves press against each other, especially at the posterior end where the valves are bent back across the bottom of the hole. This crowding of the valves upon each other and the crowding of the girdle against the outer edges of the valves so displaces portions of the mantle as to cause the changes noted above. Several specimens from each situs were disjointed and a study of the individual valves showed that those from pholad-hole specimens were thicker and had shorter sutural plates and a wider sinus, this last being especially noticeable in the valves from the posterior end. Apparently this change in the sinus is the result of the broadening of the connecting ligaments due to compression by the crowding valves. A count of the insertion plates of these disjointed specimens was made and considerable variation noticed. So much, in fact, that more specimens were pulled apart for the express purpose of counting these plates. Representative counts were as follows: 9 slits on the anterior valve, 2-3 on the median valves, and 10 on the posterior. Others show 12, 2-3, 8; 11, 2-3; 14, 3-4, 11. Absolutely no difference in this character could be found between specimens from the tidepools and those from the pholad holes. On page 64 of vol. xiv of the Manual of Conchology, Dr. Pilsbry says, ‘‘ Carpenter has given a varietal name to a broad, worn specimen which he thus describes: 40 THE NAUTILUS. ‘‘Var. solidus. Very solid, wide, ashen; inside whitish, the posterior valve with 10, central valve 2-3, anterior valve 12 slits. Length 72, breadth 40, divergence 130°. Carpenteria, near Sta. Barbara, Cal. This is scarcely more than an indivyid- ual variation. The mantle (girdle) is normal. The sculpture is worn away except at the edge. It has evidently lived ina very exposed situation.”’ From this description and the figure which he gives of the valves it would seem that this is the same form as my specimens from the pholad holes. I fully agree with Dr. Pilsbry that it is hardly worthy of varietal rank. It is, however, too distinct in appearance to be labeled simply Ischnochiton conspicwus, Cpr., and I have therefore marked these specimens from the pholad holes J. conspicuus, Cpr., form solida, Cpr., using the term form as advocated by Dr. Cockerell, ‘‘ to designate variations plainly due to environment.’’ * LAMPSILIS VENTRICOSA COHONGORONTA IN THE POTOMAC RIVER. BY WILLIAM A. MARSHALL. In 1912 Dr. A. E. Ortmann recorded’ finding in the Potomac River a variety of Lampsilis ventricosa* to which he gave the name cohongoronta. His records were: September 4, 1909. Potomac River, Hancock, Washington, Co., Md. (about two dozen). May 9, 1911. South Branch, Potomac River, Southbranch, Hampshire Co., W. Va. (about a dozen). August 16,1911. Shenandoah River, Harper’s Ferry, Jefferson Co., W. Va. (a single male, below medium size). May 6, 1912. South Branch, Potomac River, Romney, Hamp- shire Co., W. Va. (about a dozen). Dr. Ortmann remarked ‘‘It is probable that this species will 1 Navtiuuvs, vol. xx, pp. 58-60. ? NAUTILUS, xxvi, pp. 51-55, 1912. 5 In a later work Ortmann classifies both ventricosa and cohongoronta as vari- eties of ovata Say. THE NAUTILUS. 4] turn up elsewhere in the Potomac. The localities known at present are all to the west of the Blue Ridge Mountain, that is to say, within the Great Alleghany Valley and the Alleghany Mountains.”’ Perhaps the above prediction has been realized in a specimen found at Great Falls, Md., by Mr. Manly D. Barber of Knox- ville, Tennessee, in Sept. 1915. At that time Mr. Barber brought to the National Museum a basketful of naiades which he had collected the same day at Great Falls, about 18 miles above Washington. Among the shells, which were mostly dead ones, was a specimen of cohongoronta, dead, but in a fine state of preservation and with the periostracum nearly unblemished except for the usual erosion at the beaks. Its appearance in- dicated that it had been recently alive and that its home had been in the immediate vicinity of the place in which it was found. Had it been washed down from Harper’s Ferry, some 50 or more miles above Great Falls it probably would have shown ill effects from so long a journey. When found the two valves were separated, but so accurately do they fit together that it is evident they belong to the same individual. The fact that the valves were separated and yet were found near each other is additional (though not conclu- sive) evidence that they had not been transported any great distance by currents. At any rate this is the first recorded finding of the species in the Potomac River so far south as Great Falls. The specimen is rather a small one. It measures, length 71 mm.; height 47 mm.; diameter 28 mm. It is in the collection of the U. S. National Museum, catalogue number 273834. COLLECTING DAYS ABOUT THE NAVAL STATION, GUANTANAMO BAY, CUBA. BY JOHN B. HENDERSON, In March last, while waiting for a boat to take us to Haiti, Dr. Bartsch and I spent nearly three weeks at the U. S. Naval Station at the entrance to Guantanamo Bay. We employed our 42 THE NAUTILUS. time in exploring the country about and subjecting it to a high degree of intensive collecting. In this eastern corner of Cuba the coastal strip of some ten miles in width is a semi-arid region with a complex of mountains that are either quite bare of trees or, at most, covered with a scrub forest and low-growing spiny shrubs, with, here and there, a wealth of cacti that almost suggests Lower California. The rock foundation of all this region,—barring some shore strips of very recently elevated coral, is everywhere composed of about everything in the line of rocks except limestone. This is a condition that in the Antilles usually spells disappointment and failure to the snail hunter. North of the big bay and then across several miles of low flat country, just where the foothills of the sierras begin, lies the city of Gaantanamo, interesting to us as the home of Charles Ramsden, the naturalist. Just north of Guantanamo is a great rampart of high limestone mountains which beckon most alluringly to the collector. Sections of this rampart, somewhat arbitrarily marked off, are the ‘‘ Monte Verde,’’ the ‘‘Monte Toro’? and the ‘‘ Monte Libano”’ of classic fame in Cuban Natural History. In company with Ramsden we spent a wonderful day on nearby Monte Libano but a revolution that was then devastating the province and filling the land with incendiaries and bandits drove us out of this richer field and obliged us to confine our attentions thereafter to the arid country lying within the safer limits of the Naval Station,—some fifty square miles ies which Uncle Sam holds a long lease. It seems to be a natural law that arid or desert sana sup- port but few species of snails, but that these few species exist in great numbers and that they take on a very considerable range of variation. All this is perfectly true of this region. We were constantly amazed by the great number of specimens to be found; and each day of exploration in some new valley or over some range of hills added even greater figures of abundance to our already astonishing records. The ‘‘ prevailing’’ snail of this region is Cepolis ovumreguli Lea. Its shell is very suggestive of the true helix of Spain or Algeria of the lactea group. The variation is exceedingly great THE NAUTILUS. 43 in color, size and shape, and it would make a dozen excellent species if the intermediates were left out of account. Those living near the coast and among the cacti of the most arid parts of the district are of whiter and more dull color, are more banded and show a decided tendency to abnormalities, especially about the apertures. Specimens from further inland are more polished and shining, even as though varnished, and are much more given to a dotted or fly-specked type of ornamentation than to bands. A fence-post or a dead tree-limb with a hundred speci- mens closely assembled in aestivation was no unusual sight. ‘We learned finally to pay no attention to them. Upon the low bushes in certain localities the lovely little Cepolis lucipeta Poey cling like berries. These are the largest and finest of the species I have ever seen. The range of color variation in this delight- ful little snail is also very great, but the colors never blaze out in the vivid flash of the Polymitas. The blues and purples and chestnut browns are subdued but very rich and splendid. One very noticeable color form is the subsp. velasqueziana of Poey where the many broken bands of the type coalesce into two broad bluish-black zones of solid color. As nearly all the vegetation of this dry region bears thorns we did not at first discover that many of these thorns were in reality Macrocerami. When we did find this out we could see nothing else. Bartsch and I finally agreed, and shook hands upon it, that we would gather no more of them, and a stiff penalty was placed upon any violation of the compact. Two hundred and more from one bush is an earlier record before we really got started. This is the Macroceramus festus (Gundl.) Pfr., blue and yellow and buffin color. Another arboreal snail of this section is Polymita versicolor Born and it is probably very abundant in places although we never saw more than fifteen or twenty on any one tree. This is to me the least attractive species of that wonderful genus of richly painted snails. The brilliant yellow and pink are too primitive and the two colors do not seem to harmonize very well. It always impresses me as an experimental species that was laid aside in nature’s lab- oratory as not wholly a success. There were some ground snails too, but to secure living ones 44 THE NAUTILUS. required much grubbing up of tufts of tall grass and shaking out their roots, like digging up miniature potatoes. These are the Annularia putris (Gundl.) Pfr. and the Chondropoma margi- nalbum Gundl.) P fr., the latter apparently quite rare. There are no minute things beyond some few Z7hysanophora inaguensis Weinland. Some days we spent gathering marines on the little pebbly beaches hidden far down under the lofty cliffs that mark this rugged shore line, and we obtained some unusual species washed up from the exceedingly narrow island-shelf; blue water is but a few hundred yards out. Among these are some Conus cedo- nulli Lam. Beach collecting is, however, an aggravation; and too much of it becomes a misdemeanor in the collector’s ethical code, for it obliges an acceptance of something short of the best. AMNICOLIDZ FROM ONEIDA LAKE, N. Y. BY HENRY A. PILSBRY. The New York College of Forestry, under the direction of Professor Hugh P. Baker, is carrying on a biological survey of Oneida Lake and has issued an interesting bulletin’ upon the relations of mollusks to fish, by Frank C. Baker. Some Am- nicolide obtained during this work, and subsequent to the pre- paration of the bulletin were submitted to the writer. The col- lection proves to be of considerable interest, including some species not before noticed. AMNICOLA BAKERIANA, N. Sp. The shell is umbilicate, turrited-conic, thin, whitish-corneous, somewhat translucent, with unevenly developed striation, dis- 1The relations of mollusks to fish in Oneida Lake. By Frank Collins Baker. Technical Publication No. 4, New York State College of Forestry at Syracuse University. Pp. 366. Syracuse, N. Y.,1916. We are informed that it may be obtained free by those interested in the study of Mollusca by applying to the dean of the college, Dr. Hugh P. Baker. THE NAUTILUS. 45 tinct, and close in places, weaker and sparse elsewhere. The summit is decidedly obtuse, as in A. limosa, the first whorl being nearly planorboid; subsequent whorls are evenly, strongly con- vex. The aperture is very shortly ovate, almost round, its length contained almost 24 times in that of the shell. Peristome thin, in contrast with the preceding whorl for a short distance. Length 4.3, diam. 2.7 mm. ; 5 whorls (type). Length 3.75, diam. 2.3, length of aperture 1.35 mm.; 4% whorls. Length 4.1, diam. 2.75, length of aperture 1.65 mm.; 44 whorls. Oneida Lake; off Short Point in 84 ft., mud bottom. Lower South Bay, in 18 ft., on mud bottom. This species resembles A. limosa in the conspicuously obtuse apex, but differs by the more elevated, turrited spire and the smaller calibre of the whorls, hence smaller aperture. It is also a weaker shell, with more whorls in specimens of the same length. There is also an abundant smaller form, resembling the typical form in texture, apex and shape of the whorls, varying in form, but relatively broader than the type. There are some intermediate examples, but as Mr. Baker considers it desirable to have a designation for this form, it may be called A. baker- iana form nimia. The type measures: length 3, diam. 2.5, length of aperture 1.4 mm.; 4 whorls. AMNICOLA CLARKEI, 0D. sp. The shell is narrowly umbilicate, conic, a little obtuse at the apex, corneous, nearly smooth. The whorls are very convex, separated by a deep suture, the last whorl tubular. The ape- ture is distinctly oblique, almost circular, the upper end rounded, but a trifle more narrowly so than the base. It projects but little beyond the preceding whorl laterally. The peristome is thin, continuous, scarcely or barely in contact with the preced- ing whorl above. Length 3.1, diam. 1.9, length aperture 1.1 mm.; 5 whorls {type). Length 2.8, diam. 1.6, length aperture 0.85 mm. 46 THE NAUTILUS. Operculum having the spiral rather large, the nucleus being above the lower third. This little species resembles Lyogyrus by its tubular whorls of small calibre. The whorls are more convex and increase less rapidly than in Amnicola walkeriana, which is also less slender. A. schrockingeri Ffld. has less deeply convex whorls, and the apex is more acute. <A. bakeriana is much Jarger, with a more obtuse apex. Found in Short Point Bay, Oneida Lake, near shore, in 3 feet of water, bottom of sand with algae; also in Lower South Bay, etc. Collected by Mr. F. C. Baker. It is named for Dr. John M. Clarke, the distinguished Direc- tor of the Museum of the State of New York. AMNICOLA ONEIDA, ND. sp. The shell is typically more slender than A. lustrica, turrited- conic, narrowly umbilicate, corneous, minutely striate. The apex is slightly obtuse, but the first whorl projects visibly, as in lustrica, whorls very convex, parted by a deep suture. The ape- ture is ovate, small, its length contained more than 3 times in that of the shell; upper extremity narrowly rounded. The peristome is continuous, thin, very briefly in contact with the preceding whorl above. Length 4, diam. 2, length of aperture 1.25 mm.; 6 whorls. Lower South Bay, Oneida Lake, N. Y., collected by F. C. Baker, 1916. This species is typically narrower than A. lustrica Pils,, with a smaller aperture and shorter whorls; but it is chiefly disting- uished by the more convex whorls (deeper suture), and the rounded instead of angular posterior end of the aperture. In Paludestrina nickliniana the last whorl is much longer. Possibly it may be a subspecies of lustrica, yet it has so distinct an ap- pearance that a special name seems desirable. There are also wider examples, which still differ from lustrica by the deeper suture and aperture. THE NAUTILUS. 47 NEW GENERA AND SPECIES OF CENTRAL AMERICAN NAIADES. BY L. S. FRIERSON. In 1893 Messrs Crosse and Fischer divided the Mexican Naiades into quite a number of sections, to which they assigned names. Almost simultaneously (in 1900) von Martens and C. T. Simpson, in treating the Central American Naiades, ac- cepted some of these sections of Crosse and Fischer, raising them to generic or subgeneric rank. Because of paucity of material, considerable diversity of opinion concerning the specific identity of several species may be noted in the works of these authors. Furthermore, their work of classification being done indepen- dently and from different points of view, the same species was sometimes placed by them in different genera. Thanks to the arduous labors of A. A. Hinkley, who has again and again enriched our cabinets with material and data from these tropical countries, we are enabled to offer the follow- ing suggestions concerning some of the genera of these shells, and also the description of an unpublished species. NepuHronalas. This genus has for its type the Unio plicatu- lus, Kiister, a species identified by von Martens as belonging to the Lampsiline shells, as aztecorwm. Mr. Simpson however believed it to be nearly allied to the persulcatus, a markedly Unioid shell. In this the writer follows Mr. Simpson. The genus Nephronaias as constituted by Mr. Simpson em- braces two quite distinct groups, divisible as follows. Nephronaias (s. s) embraces plicatulus, persulcatus, melleus, dysoni, ortmanni, ravistellus, etc. Ample material of these two latter species show that they are anatomically very closely allied to Elliptic. There is no sexual difference of shape, and the gill is gravid in its whole length. Nephronaias differs from Elliptio in its sulcated disc, in its beak sculpturing, ete. Included in Nephronaias by Simpson are, however, shells of a totally different type, such as medellinus, gundlachi, sapotalensis, etc. These latter are sexually dimorphic, smoother, more gen- erally rayed, and the gravid uterus is of Lampsiline type. The position of the dorsal scars within the beak cavities is 48 THE NAUTILUS. different, in the examples of the pseudo Nephronaias seen by the writer. Nephronaias (s. s.) posseses an (accessory ?) adductor scar attached to the frontal portion of the cardinal teeth, which is either absent or obsoletely marked in the second assemblage. For this latter group the writer, therefore, proposes to use the generic term of Actinonaias Crosse and Fischer, 1893, type U. sapotalensis Lea. The female of this species has been described by Dr. Ortmann (1912). Actinonaias embraces, besides the type, medellinus, gundlachi, (accepting Simpson’s interpretation of this latter species), and others. Psoronatas, Crosse and Fischer (1893). This group of re- markable shells, embracing crocodilarum, psoricus, senigranosus, etc., was provisionally treated by Simpson as a group of Elliptio, but their remarkable sculpturing, and the deap beak cavities of some of their species, led him to observe that it was possible that the group should, after all, be placed in Quadrula. I follow von Martens, in giving generic rank as above to the group. The type is Unio psoricus. To this genus we are en- abled to add a species hitherto undescribed, under the name of PsoRONAIAS KUXENSIS, n. sp., Pl. VII, figs. 1, 2. Shell small, compressed, rough, brown, biangular. Length 50, height 30, diam. 17 mm. Shell hyperbolically rounded before, the extreme frontal point below the centre. Dorsum slightly arched, descending behind the ligament to the widely biangular posterior ; the upper angle of which is midway the height, the lower angle very little’above the base, which is nearly straight. The beaks are small, low, acute, approximate; and apparently, concentri- cally ridged. Epidermis dark brown (olivaceous and obsoletely rayed in the young), rough, the lines of growth numerous and well impressed. The discs are covered with fine pustulations, more pustular in front, biradially linear behind. The post ridge is low, but distinctly double, making the shell biangulate behind. The teeth are double in the left valve, single in the right. The cardinals are deeply sulcate and stout. Laterals slightly curved or nearly straight, separated by an interdentum. Nacre purple, beak cavities rather deep. Dorsal scars numerous, THE NAUTILUS. 49 extending in a row from above the centre of the cavity down and forward upon the base of the cardinal teeth. Three well impressed muscle scars in front, two behind, the later almost confluent. Habitat, Kux Creek, Chama, Guatemala. Collected by Mr. A. A. Hinkley, Feb. 6, 1917. A few dead specimens were obtained on the bank of the Isaibha River (Chama) of which the Kux Creek isa tributary. Typein Academy Natural Sciences. Cotypes in collection of A. A. Hinkley, the author and U. 8. N. Museum. I place this species in Psoronaias Crosse and Fischer, type U. psoricus, because of its evident relationship to crocodilarum, and distinctus, differing mainly from the latter in size and degree of inflation, being much inferior in both respects to distinctus. ON THE RATE OF GROWTH OF POND UNIOS. BY L. S. FRIERSON. During the latter part of March 1916, the writer, for the pur- pose of constructing a fish pond, excavated a barrow-pit near the bank of a small creek, about ten feet wide, and at the time nearly dry. The barrow-pit was perhaps one hundred feet long, fifty feet wide and three feet deep. Early in April, 1916, the pit became full of water, overflowing from the adjacent creek, and together with two subsequent overflows, supplemented with seepage from the newly constructed fish pond, the pit remained more or less full of water, until May 25, 1917, when it was drained by a ditch into the nearby creek. From the dried bottom of this pit some thirty Unios were picked up by the writer. Ten of these were Unio tetralasmus Say, and the rest were T. texasensis Lea. All the specimens were of remarkably uniform size and appearance. The texasensis being about one and a half inches, and the tetralasmus two and a half inches long. Exact dimensions of a texasensis: length 43, height 24, diam. 16 mm.; of tetralasmus 75, 40, and 25 mm. Both of these species had attained puberty. A female texa- sensis has its gills fairly full of young glochidia. A tetralasmus had several (three or four) ovisacs with a few (remaining) 50 THE NAUTILUS. glochidia. In assigning an age to these shells it is quite sure that the tetralasmus discharges its glochidia in March and early April, so that when picked up on May 25, these shells were just about fourteen months old, from the date of discharge from their mother’s gills. In the case of the texasensis (which spawns somewhat later) it is possible that these were dropped by fish of which, at least six species) obtained access to the pit on May 7, 1916 (on which date an overflow occurred), thus making about thirteen months. At any rate the maximum age of either species is fourteen months from their mother’s ovisacs. One of the U. tetralasmus is shown of natural size in Pl. VII, fig. 4. Another observation concerning pond mussels might here prove of interest. A large pond was cut into two by a railroad enbankment, a culvert preserving the level and providing com- munication between the two. In the lower and larger pond a half-bushel of Yonkapin (Nelumbiwm luteum) seed was sown. It was six years before these seed germinated. These plants, dur- ing the summer, cover the entire surface of the pond with their broad peltate leaves. In this pond the writer planted a colony of a dozen Anodonta grandis. Several years after, taking ad- vantage of extreme low water, the writer made a careful survey of these twin ponds, with the result that hundreds of Anodons could be found in the upper pond, but not a single one was found in the lower pond. Either the shade killed the young shells, or else the glochidia-laden fish avoided the shade of the lotus plants and congregated in the upper pond (there are no Nelumbii in the upper pond). Is not this avoidance of shade a reason for the paucity of unios in the tropics ? A NEW SOUTH AFRICAN NESOPUPA. BY H. A. PILSBRY. NESOPUPA FARQUHARI, N. sp. Among Pupillidae sent by Mr. J. Farquhar there is a new species from Grahamstown which may be defined by comparison THE NAUTILUS. 51 with Nesopupa griqualandica (Mely. and Pons. ).' The new form is ovate, of about the size of the other species, which it resembles in sculpture and in the lamellae of the parietal wall and colu- mella. The two palatal plicae are subequal, the upper emerg- ing to the lip, the lower one also long, reaching to the inner edge of the peristome. There is a very small nodule on the base of the columella. In griqualandica the lower palatal plica is short and very deeply immersed and there is a distinct though small basal plica within the base, in front of the lower palatal plica. In griqualandica there is a deep sulcus outside, over the upper palatal plica, and a flattening or short groove over the lower palatal; but in farquhari the sulcus is far less impressed except quite close to the lip. The color is reddish brown. Length 1.65, diam. 0.9 mm. Mr. Burnup’s figure 9, in Melvill and Ponsonby’s Revision,’ may perhaps represent this species, while their description in the same paper appears to comprise both griqualandica and farquhari, though chiefly relating to the former. Their pl. I, figs. 8 and 10 represent griqualandica. The new form is named in honor of one of the most successful South-African collectors. It will be figured in the Manual of Conchology. A NEW GUNDLACHIA FROM GUATEMALA. BY BRYANT WALKER. GUNDLACHIA HINKLEYI, n. sp., Pl. I, figs. 10-16; Pl. III, fig. 1. Shell subovate, being much wider posteriorly, the anterior margin rather shortly rounded, the right margin nearly rectili- near, but somewhat diverging anteriorly, the left margin obliquely expanded and broadly rounded, anterior margin wider and much more curved than the posterior; apex very excentric, depressed and decidedly turned toward the right side, bluntly rounded, smooth except for a few concentric wrinkles; color a very pale corneous, nearly pure white; lines of growth rather strong and 1 Pupa griqualandica M. and P., 1893; the specimens used being from Pretoria. 2 Ann. Mag. N. H. (8), i, p. 76, pl. i, 1908. 52 THE NAUTILUS. irregular; anterior slope with strong radial striae originating below the septate growth and extending to the anterior margin, similar strie# appear on the left lateral slope, but are scarcely, if at all, visible on the right slope; the septate portion of the shell is small in comparison with the adult expansion, it is nar- row and the posterior portion covered by the septum is free from and projects over, but scarcely beyond, the posterior mar- gin of the adult aperture; the first growth of the shell from the septate form is continued on the sides in a nearly direct con- tinuation of the lateral slopes of the septate shell for some little distance, the anterior slope of this stage is also a continu- ation of the anterior slope of the septate stage but owing to the oblique position assumed by the septate shell is at first some- what convex, as viewed laterally, later as the side slopes begin to expand, the anterior slope is continued in a nearly straight line to the margin; the left lateral slope of the adult shell below the sec- ondary constriction is concave at first, becoming nearly straight toward the margin; the right lateral slope is less concave above and straighter and more oblique than the left; owing to the small size of the septum and consequent large aperture of the septate shell and the narrow first growth of the adult shell there is no distinct aperture to the septate portion visible in the adult shell from below, the whole interior of the adult shell appears to pass, practically unconstricted, directly into the septate portion; the posterior margin of the adult shell narrow and somewhat abruptly expanded and reflected. Length 5.5; width 3.75; alt. 1.75 mm. The katate shell is oblong, the sides being nearly panies but slightly expanding anteriorly, the right slightly convex and the left slightly concave; the posterior margin is regularly rounded; the anterior more broadly rounded; the apex de- pressed, bluntly rounded, excentric, reaching nearly to the right margin, smooth except for slight concentric wrinkles, lines of growth fine and regular; the anterior slope is slightly convex; the very short posterior slope below the projecting apex to the line of the septum is straight and oblique; the right lateral slope is steep and nearly straight, the left slope very convex; the septum is very short, being less than half of the length of THE NAUTILUS. 53 the septate shell, convex on its lower surface, the margin is very short, being less than half of the length of the septate shell, convex on its lower surface, the margin is very concave and on the right side, extends further forward than it does on left, there does not seem to be the distinct thickening of the margin so noticeable in other species; aperture much larger than in any other species yet described. Length 2; width 1.5; alt. .75 mm. Type (48455 Coll. Walker) from the Maya Farm, Quirigua, Guatemala, collected by A. A. Hinkley. Cotypes in the col- lection of Mr. Hinkley. This fine species is the first from either Central or South America, of which both the septate and adult forms are known. It differs from all other described species except crepidulina Guppy in the small size of the septum and the consequent dif- ference in the position of the aperture of the septate stage in the adult shell. The septum in the specimen figured appears very like the incomplete septum in the North American species, but as the three adult specimens before me are exactly alike in the position of the septate shell, this would seem to be the normal condition in this species. The specimen figured, which is 3.25 mm. in length, has apparently slightly passed the sep- tate stage and begun the growth of the constricted portion of the adult shell and shows the beginnings of the radial strie. With the Gundlachias was associated a species of Levaper, very like the ezcentricus Morelet. Whether it has any closer relations with the Gundlachia remains to be determined as the radula has not yet been examined. While the general aspect of the two species, if such they be, is very similar, the Levapex has a very much more acute apex than the Gundlachia. As shown by the figure, the radula of this species is quite typical of the genus. A LIST OF SHELLS FROM THE EAST COAST OF FLORIDA, BY BRYANT WALKER. The late Dr. Charles A. Davis, the well known peat-expert of the U. S. Bureau of Mines, in addition to his special acquire- 54 THE NAUTILUS, ments in geology and botany, was a good all-round zoologist and had a lively and unaffected interest in the work that any of his friends might be carrying on in that department. It was his kindly habit in his travels about the country to preserve any specimens that he came across that seemed to him likely to be of interest to any of his zoological friends. It will be re- membered that the conchologists owe to him the rediscovery of the long lost Planorbis multivolvis Case, (Navut., XXI, p. 16), and also the little Lymnea davisi Walker, (Naur. XXII, p. 17), which bears his name. In the spring of 1911 Dr. Davis’ professional duties took him to Florida and while there he collected quite a number of samples of ‘‘ drift,’’? which in due time came into my possession. Several of the localities represented in the collection, such as Maimi and St. Augustine, have already been reported upon by previous collectors and there seems to be no occasion to dupli- cate their work, but quite a number of the places visited by Dr. Davis have not been covered by any of the previous collectors in Florida and a record of the species found by him seems worthy of publication as a contribution to the distribution of the Mollusca along the east coast of the state. I am indebted to Dr. George H. Clapp for the identification of the Gastrocoptas and Vertigos. The list of localities and species represented in the collection is as follows: MARSHES NEAR CHESTER SHOALS. Euglandina rosea Feér. Gastrocopta pentodon (Say). Polygyra -cereolus carpenteriana | Vertigo milium (Gld.). Bld. Melampus coffeus (L.). Zonitoides minuscula (Binn.). Detracia bulloides (Mont. ). Zonitoides minuscula alachuana | Chrondropoma dentatum (Say. ) (Dall). Plecotrema cubense (Pfr.). Vitrea dalliana ( ‘Simpson’ | Blauneria heteroclita (Mont. ). Pils;)); Microtralia minuscula (Dall). Pupoides modicus (Pfr.). Truncatella clathrus Lowe. Gastrocopta rupicola (Say). Truncatella caribxensis pulchella Gastrocopta pellucida hordeacella Pir, (Pils. ). Truncatella bilabiata Pfr. Gastrocopta tappaniana (C. B. | Littoridina monroensis (Ffld.). Ads.) ? EE LE ELE, eee ee THE NAUTILUS. 55 Paludestrina? sp.? A single specimen that I can not ap- proximate to any of the described species. This is the first record, I believe, for Plecotrema cubense from the mainland of Florida. Originally described from Cuba, it was listed from the Bermudas by Dr. Pilsbry in 1900, (Trans. Conn. Acad., X, p. 504, pl. Ixii, fig. 11), and there figured by him for the first time. Both he and Mr. John B. Henderson inform me that they have collected it on several of the Keys and I am indebted to both of them for the opportunity of com- paring my specimen with theirs. CHESTER SHOALS REFUGE STATION. ELuglandina rosea (Fer. ). Melampus coffeus (1. ). Polygyra auriculata (Pfr. ). Detracia bulloides (Mont. ) Polygyra woulifera (Shutt. ). Lymnaea humilis Say. Polygyra cereolus (Mihlf. ). Physa cubensis Pfr. Polygyra cereolus carpenteriana | Planorbis tumidus Pfr. (Bld.). Planorbis alabamensis Pils. Polygyra cereolus septemvolva | Chrondropoma dentatum (Say). Say. Truncatella bilabiata Pir. Polygyra cereolus volvoxis (Pfr.). | Truncatella clathrus Lowe. Praticolella jejuna (Say. ). Littoridina monroensis (Ffld.). BETWEEN CHESTER SHOALS AND CAPE CANAVERAL. Polygyra cereolus (Muhlf. ). Gastrocopta rupicola (Say). Polygyra cereolus carpenteriana | Melampus coffeus (1. ). (Bld.). Detracia bulloides (Mont. ). Polygyra cereolus volvoris (Pfr.). | Blauneria heteroclita (Mont. ). Polygyra weulifera (Shutt. ). Chrondropoma dentatum (Say). Zonitoides minuscula (Binn.). | Truncatella bilabiata Pfr. Pupoides modicus (Pir. ). Truncatella clathrus Lowe. Gastrocopta pentodon (Say ). Truncatella caribxensis pulchella Gastrocopta pellucida hordeacella Pfr. (Pils. ). Amnicola, sp.? A single immature specimen. 56 THE NAUTILUS. CANAVERAL P., O. Euglandina rosea (Fer. ). Polygyra cereolus Say. Polygyra cereolus volvowis (Pfr. ). septemvolva Polygyra cereolus carpenteriana (Bld. ). Pupoides modicus (Pfr. ). Helicina orbiculata Say. Eau GALLIE. Polygyra cereolus septemvolva | Polygyra wvulifera (Shutt. ). Say. Physa cubensis Pfr. Polygyra cereolus volvoxis (Pfr.). | Helicina orbiculata Say var. IsLAND oF Eau GALLIE. Polygyra uvulifera (Shutt. ). Praticolella jeyuna (Say). Lymnaea humilis Say. Physa cubensis Pfr. Paum BEAcH. Euglandina rosea (Fer. ). Polygyra auriculata Say. Vertigo milium (Gld.). Vitrea dalliana ( ‘Simp.’ Pils. ). Polygyra cereolus carpenteriana | Vitrea indentata (Say). (Bld. ). Strobilops floridana Pils. Strobilops hubbardi (Brown). Pupoides modicus (Pfr. ). Gastrocopta contracta (Say). Gastrocopta rupicola Say. Gastrocopta pellucida hordeacella (Pils. ). Gastrocopta pentodon (Say). Zonitoides arborea (Say). Zonitoides minuscula (Binn. ). Zonitoides minuscula alachuana (Dall). Guppya gundlachi (Pfr. ). Thysanophora granum (Streb. ). Physa cubensis Pfr. Helicina orbiculata Say.. Lone Kry Euglandina rosea (Fer. ). Polygyra cereolus (Miihlf. ). Gastrocopta pellucida hordeacella (Pils. ). Polygyra cereolus carpenteriana | Gastrocopta pellucida hordeacella (Bld.). Strophia incanum (Binn. ). Pupoides modicus (Pfr. ). Gastrocopta pentodon (Say). Gastrocopta rupicola (Say)? (Pils.) var. Small form. Thysanophora incrustata (Gld. ). Thysanophora granum (Streb.). Thysanophora dioscoricola (Guppy). THE NAUTILUS. 57 Guppya gundlachi (Pfr. ). Varicella gracillima floridana Pils. Succinea campestris Say? Melampus coffeus (L.). Detracia bulloides (Mont. ). Microtralia minuscula (Ball). Lymnea columella Say. Physa cubensis Pfr. Helicina tantilla Pils. Chrondropoma dentatum (Say). Truncatella caribzensis ‘‘ Sby. ; Rve. Truncatella caribeensis pulchella Pfr. Truncatella clathrus Lowe. Truncatella bilabiata Pfr. Tittoridina monroensis (Ffld.). Amnicola. sp? A single specimen of a very small, globose form that may bean n. sp. Alt. 1 mm. COLLECTING IN DIGBY, NOVA SCOTIA. BY LILLIAN DYER THOMPSON. While traveling through Nova Scotia and New Brunswick last summer, we stayed for about six weeks at Digby, N. S. Digby is about 200 miles northeast of Boston, and is situated near the Bay of Fundy, opposite St. John, N. B. The town is located on the southeast shore of the Annapolis Basin,—a sheet of water about twenty miles long and ten miles wide. This basin is connected with the Bay of Fundy by a channel about three-fourths of a mile wide at its greatest width. This channel, known as Digby Gap, is noted for its rapid tides,— the rate of flow through the Gap being about eight miles an hour. The tide fall at Digby is thirty feet. The shores of the Basin are sandy, with the exception of the two rocky promen- tories on each side of the Gap; the one which is nearest to Digby being Point Prim. The town is on a small peninsula on either side of which are two inlets of the Annapolis Basin, known as the Racquet, on the west, and the Jacquet, on the east of Digby proper. On the ebb tide these are almost dry, exposing long mud flats. There is one island in the Basin, about opposite the Gap and at the mouth of Bear River, called Bear island. From this a long bar extends, called Bear Island Bar, which is covered to a depth of about six feet at low water, and is covered with eel- grass. 58 THE NAUTILUS. Near the Yacht Club pier were found many Polinices heros, and their red-brown ‘‘sand-collars.’? In the Jacquet were many Litorina littorea and Litorina rudis. On the exposed beach, nearer the town, we found Mytilus edulis. On the rocks, in the Racquet, we found Thais lapillus and a host of Acmaea testudin- alis ranging in size from one-eighth of an inch to about an inch in diameter. In the mud, at the base of the rocks, were a mul- titude of Buccinum undatum, Neptunea decemcostata, ranging in size from one-eighth of an inch to about an inch in diameter. In the mud, at the base of the rocks, were a multitude of Buc- cinum undatum, Neptunea decemcostata, and Colus stimpsoni, all alive and half-buried. Some dead specimens of Aporrhais occi- dentalis were also found, five of them being full-grown. On the suggestion of Capt. Danforth, we constructed a dredge, and endeavored to dredge Bear Island Bar from his motor-boat. Here we found quantities of Lacuna vincta, Alec- trion obsoleta, Cylichna alba, and two Polinices triseriata. There were some soldiers encamped at Digby, and they used to gather Litorina littorea and steam and eat them, without any flavoring. They sometimes ate Thais lapillus also. One day, after a rain, we found two Helix hortensis crawling along the road. A NEW TYPE OF THE NAYAD-GENUS FUSCONAIA. GROUP OF F. BARNESIANA LEA. BY A. E. ORTMANN. During the study of the nayad-fauna of the upper Tennessee, the present writer found that there exists, in this region, a peculiar type of shells, belonging to the genus Fusconaia, the various forms of which have been described previously under a great number of specific names, which, however, seem to belong all to one species. In addition, among material received from L. S. Frierson from the Ozark Mountains, a form was discov- ered which presented the same structure. The oldest name for the upper Tennessee form is Unio bar- nesianus Lea. A more detailed account of its various phases is to be given elsewhere, and it suffices here to mention only those a THE NAUTILUS. 59 forms which belong here. According to obesity, I distinguish three local, or ecological races: 1. FuscoNAIA BARNESIANA (Lea) 1838. U. barnesianus Lea, ’38. U. meredithi Lea, ’58. U. pudicus Lea, ’60. U. Lyoni Lea, ’65. U. tellicoensis Lea, ’72. U. lenticularis Lea, ’72. As the normal (most abundant) forms we may regard U. mere- dithi, pudicus and lenticularis, which differ from each other only in the development of the rays (topotypes examined). U. barnesianus is a slightly more elongated individual, with poorly developed rays. U. tellicoensis (topotypes examined) is a lenti- cularis slightly more swollen; and U. lyoni forms the transition toward var. twmescens, having a little more elevated beaks, greater obesity, and rather distinct rays. 2. FUSCONAIA BARNESIANA BIGBYENSIS (Lea) 1841. U. bigbyensis Lea, ’41. U. estabrookianus Lea, ’45. U. fas- sinans Lea, ’68. Plewrobema fassinans rhomboidea Simpson, ’00. The most frequent form is fassinans rhomboidea (topotypes examined), with rays poorly developed. U. bigbyensis has more distinct rays; U. estabrookianus (topotypes examined) is an old, overgrown form, without rays; U. fassinans is founded upon an individual (type examined, also topotypes), which is exceptionally elongated, without rays. 3. FuscoNAIA BARNESIANA TUMESCENS (Lea) 1845. U. tumescens Lea, ’45. U. crudus Lea, ’71. U. radiosus Lea? 71. U. tumescens is the most typical form, greatly swollen, with more or less developed rays; U. radiosus (type and topotypes examined) is less swollen, but for the rest like twmescens; U. crudus (topotypes examined) lacks rays, and has much eroded beaks, but stands close to radiosus. The mutual relations of these forms may be understood by the help of the following key. Only the three largest divisions are to be regarded as varieties, in the other forms the characters are merely individual, although specimens representing only 60 THE NAUTILUS. one (or a few) of these ‘‘forms’’ often prevail at a given locality. a,. Flat, compressed, dia. of shell less than 40 per cent of the length (var. bighyensis). b,. No rays, or rays obscure, color of epidermis brown, dark. c,. Rhomboid in shape. d,. Large. Estabrookianus. d,. Smaller. Fassinans rhomboidea. C,. More ovate, tapering behind. Fassinans. b,. Rays distinct, well developed over most of the disk. Ground color of epidermis lighter. Bighyensis. aj. Moderately convex, dia. 40-49 per cent of length. Barnesiana typica. b,. Beaks not elevated, shape trapezoidal, rhomboid, or subovate. c,. Dia. about 41 or 42 per cent; size small. d,. Shape somewhat elongate (trapezoidal); rays obscure. Barnesianus. d,. Shape shorter (rhomboidal). e,. Rays obscure. Lenticularis. e,. Rays present, color of epidermis lighter. f,. Rays few. Meredithi. f,. Rays numerous. Pudicus. Cg. Dia. about 45 per cent; larger. Shape subovate. Rays obscure. Tellicoensis. b,. Beaks more elevated, shape subtriangular. Dia. 46 per cent, with rather distinct rays. Tyoni. ag. Much swollen, dia. over 50 per cent. Beaks elevated. (var. Tumescens). b,. Without rays. Dia. 51 percent. Beaks much eroded. Crudus. b,. With rays. Dia. about 56 per cent or more. c,. Dia. about 56 per cent. Radiosus. C,. Dia. about 64 per cent. Tumescens. As to the geographical distribution, it should be briefly stated that the swollen forms (a,) inhabit the largest rivers; the com- pressed forms (a,) are found in the headwaters, and the inter- THE NAUTILUS. 61 mediate forms (a,) belong to the streams of moderate size. Intergrades are frequent. ANATOMY.! All these shells have the same, and an extremely characteris- tic and unique structure of the soft parts, so that there is not the slightest question that they belong together. I have ex- amined the soft parts of some 200 specimens in the field, and over three dozens have been preserved in alcohol, and have been examined at leisure in the laboratory. They include rep- resentatives of the three main varieties, and of practically all of the individual variations. Gravid females have been found on the following dates: May 11,713; May 15, ’13; May 16, 718; May 20, ’13; May 20, ’14, May 22, ’14; May 25, ’14; July 5, 713; July 9, ’13; July 10, 718; July 13, 7138; July 14, ’18. Glochidia have been observed on May 20, ’?14 (immature), and July 14, 13. Thus this spe- cies evidently is a summer breeder (tachytictic). The soft parts are those of the genus Fusconaia: the supraanal is separated from the anal by a very short mantle-connection, which is absent (or torn?) in rare cases. Inner lamina of inner gills free from abdominal sac. All four gills are marsupial. Placentae well developed and subcylindrical. Branchial opening with well developed papillae, anal with distinct, but small papillae. Palpi subfalciform, posterior mar- gins connected at base only. While thus the Fusconaia structure is typically developed, this species is quite unique in its color. This concerns chiefly the color of the gonads, eggs, and placentae. The soft parts are often uniformly pale, whitish, but may shade to orange, and the orange is most prominent on foot, ad- ductors, and mantle-margin; but the paler tints prevail, and often the orange is replaced by yellowish or brown. The gills 1In Navuritvs, 28, 1914, p. 31, I have described the anatomy of ‘‘ Plewro- bema fassinans.’’ This is a mistake: the shells examined belong to Pleu- robema all right, but are the form known as U. argenteus Lea, which belongs to the oviforme-group, and should be called: Pleurobema oviforme argenteum (Lea). These will be treated more fully elsewhere. 62 THE NAUTILUS. are pale, but are generally suffused with blackish. The gonads are brown to red, mostly of a peculiar dull lavender color in the female, and the latter color, or purplish brown, is the pre- vailing color of the eggs and placentae. The charged gills be- come thus rather dark purple, or purple-brown, shading some- times to dull red or blackish, in other cases to brownish, brownish pink, brick-red, or even pale brown. These are very peculiar tints, by which this species is easily recognized in the field: four marsupial gills of this blackish-purple color are not known in any other Nayad. Glochidia have been found only in specimens belonging to the headwaters variety (barnesiana higbyensis). They are subel- liptical, slightly higher than long, L. 0.15, H. 0.16 mm. Although a true Fusconaia, this species (or group of forms) stands isolated within the genus, in characters of the shell as well as in the soft parts. It differs from the species of the subrotunda-group (incl. ebena, pilaris etc.) very markedly by its smaller size and by the very shallow beak cavities. The forms of the wndulata-group (incl. flava, and the cuneolus- and cor- forms) have generally also somewhat deeper beak cavities, and the shell has a more or less distinct posterior ridge, with a flat- tening or a shallow groove in front of it, characters which are missing in the barnesiana-group. As has been pointed out, in the latter group, the color of eggs and placentae is remarkable: in all other forms of Fusconaia, this varies from white to bright red. I introduce here another species, in order to show: that the barnesiana-type is also represented outside of the Cumberland- Tennessee drainage, namely in the Ozarks. FUSCONAIA OZARKENSIS (Call) 1887. F. ozarkensis Call, Pr. U. S. Mus. 10, ’87, p. 499, pl. 27. Tr. St. Louis Ac. 7, ’95, p. 33, pl. 18. Lampsilis ozarkensis Meek & Clark, Bur. Fisher. Doc. no. 759, ’12, p. 18. Pleu- robema utterbacki Frierson, in: Utterback, Naiad. Missouri (Amer. Midland Natural 4, 1916, p. 86, pl. 5, pl. 20, f. 63). I have specimens from James River, Galena Stone Co., Mo., and White River, Cotter and Norfolk, Baxter Co., Ark., do- 4 THE NAUTILUS. 63 nated by L. S. Frierson and collected by A. A. Hinkley on July 30 and Aug. 2 and 5,’14, A number of specimens (8) were preserved in alcohol, coll. July 30 and Aug 2, which all were gravid females, and one of each date had glochidia. This marks probably the end of the breeding season, and the species is tachytictic. There is some confusion with regard to this species. After the first description by Call, it has not again been recorded, ex- cept by Meek and Clark, and I believe, the identification of these authors (supported by B. Walker) is correct. But I think that other authors have seen this form, but have not recognized it, and, for instance, Simpson’s pannosus and subellipticus (re- garded as varieties of Pleurobema argenteum and breve respec- tively) are also this. Frierson’s utterbacki is surely this, since my specimens were thus labeled by Frierson. Walker, Frierson, and Simpson (in part) believe this to be a Pleurobema, and not a Lampsilis (see also Simpson, ’00, p. 557, and ’14, p. 131), and this comes nearest to the truth, in fact, it is the most plausible assumption to be made from the study of the shell alone. The shell ‘‘resembles a very elongated Quadrula coccinea,’’ according to Meek and Clark, and the com- parison with Pleurobema argenteum and breve (which, by the way, are synonyms), made by Simpson, is significant. We must keep in mind that Call’s fig. 4 represents the normal shape of the shell, while his fig. 1 is rather abnormal, and possibly does not belong here at all. These two figures by no means represent the female and male, as Call believes. The investigation of the soft parts has shown that this actually is a Fusconaia. Corresponding, both in soft parts and shell, to the barnesiana-type of the upper Tennessee region. F. ozarkensis differs from barnesiana by the more elongated (subtrapezoidal) outline of the shell, more anterior beaks, and the weak devel- opment of the rays, which are faint at the best, and often en- tirely absent. A swollen form of it is not known to me, but specimens from White River are slightly more convex than those from James River (farther up). Also Utterback’s quota- of Frierson (p. 87, footnote) make it probable that there are differences in obesity. 64 THE NAUTILUS. ANATOMY. Supraanal opening probably separated from the anal by a short mantle-connection, but in all my specimens this is torn by rough handling. Inner lamina of inner gills free from ab- dominal sac. All four gills marsupial in the female. Placentae well developed and subeylindrical. Anal opening with small papillae, branchial opening with well developed papillae. Palpi as usual, their posterior margins connected for about one third of their length or less. As to the color of the soft parts, which is so characteristic in barnesiana, not much can be said, since my material has been too long in alcohol. But in most of my specimens the gills are yet distinctly suffused with black. The placentae have been rendered whitish, but here and there traces of a dark stain are preserved (which is disappearing gradually). It is quite pos- sible that the color of the placentae originally was similar to that of barnesiana. The glochidia are subelliptical, slightly higher than long; L. O. 15, B. O. 18, thus agreeing with those of F. barnesiana. NOTE ON THE RELATION OF SNAIL FAUNA TO FLOODS. BY A. RICHARDS. During the years 1911 to 1916, while the writer was a mem- ber of the faculty of the University of Texas, a series of inci- dental observations on ‘the snail fauna of Waller Creek was made. ° These observations have now come to an end due to the change of residence of the observer. It seems not unwise, therefore, to publish a short note on the subject in the hope that the facts recorded, although fragmentary, may have a bearing on the work of some other follower of snail life. Waller Creek is a small stream near the University of Texas at Austin. It is some four miles in length and empties into the Colorado River at a distance of perhaps two miles below the University. That portion of the stream close to the University between Fifteenth and Twenty-seventh Streets, was most closely observed, but data was also collected from the region below. THE NAUTILUS. 65 During the hot months, from about July 1st to October Ist usually, the stream is dry, or water is to be found only in an occasional pool ; during the rest of the year the water flows to a depth of a few inches. The bed is scoured out of limestone (Austin Chalk) and has for much of its length a solid flat rock bottom. The banks of the creek have in general a gradual slope. In time of flood and during heavy rains, this stream rises very rapidly and quickly becomes bank-full, so that the water rushes down in a torrent, the roar of which may at times be heard for a distance of some blocks. The fall of the creek is considerable, being about 75 feet in two miles from Twenty- seventh Street to the Colorado, and this fall in connection with the shape of the bed gives to the current in times of flood a tremendous force. During the first two years of this observation, 1912-1913, the snail population of the creek in its middle stretches was dense. There were in particular two species very thickly represented, Planorbis lentus and Physa halei. So numerous were they that one could in a few moments within a very few feet gather a pint of either kind. Wherever a little ripple or a tiny waterfall oc- curred were many snails oriented in relation to the current, their heads pointing into it. Elsewhere in the more quiet water they were also to be found, but in Jess numbers. These conditions obtained especially in the early spring; as the breeding season, which in that latitude extends over half the year, passes by, the snails of course become much less numerous. It is to be noted that previous to the time when the snails had become so abundant, there had been no heavy rains of suf- ficient importance to be recorded since 1908. Excessive rains occurred in May 1908, November and May 1907, June and March 1905, May and April 1904, July and February 1903, July and November 1902. There was a very severe flood in the creek in April 1900. It will be seen that between the time when my observations began and the last excessive rain con- siderable time had elapsed and the snails had had the oppor- tunity to reinstate themselves in the creek, assuming that they had suffered in those floods as they have done in the later ones. In the fall of 1913 there were two floods of unusual propor- 66 THE NAUTILUS, tions in the creek. In October it rose very rapidly, but shortly subsided, and in November, at the time when the entire state was visited by the most severe flood since 1869, it was again subjected to a very thorough scouring. Excessive rains fell on several consecutive days, and streams in the entire Colorado watershed were out of their banks. After the heavy rains of the earlier part of the month there were several days upon which the rainfall, while comparatively light, was sufficient to keep the creek much higher than its normal level. When the water finally subsided to its normal amount the bed was covered completely with a layer of detritus and soft green humus and algae from a half an inch to an inch in thickness. This deposit and the acids formed from it have been the cause of a much more rapid disintegration of the lime- stone than had been the case in the immediately preceding years. Loose pieces of limestone which were exposed to the action of the water had in many cases fallen apart by the end of January. Further rises occurred on April 27 and on May 20th, 1914, but were not sufficient to remove all of the accumu- lated layer of detritus. In January 1914, a search for snails where they had before been numerous failed to reveal a single specimen of Planorbis and less than half a dozen Physa. Even in the deeper pools they could scarcely be found. Later in the spring in the lowest part of the stream a number of very small Physa, as well as some clusters of eggs were found. The force of the current had been so great as to wash the snails down to the river, and it is possible that the condition of the water due to the decomposing humus may have affected those which were able to escape the flood danger. That some of the Physa were left after the flood may be attributed to their pointed shape which decreases the amount of force that the water was able to exert on them as compared with that on the flat Planorbis shells. Except as noted above in April and May 1914, the conditions in the creek remained as normal. In January 1915, Physa has again made its appearance in the middle parts of the stream, although in small numbers only. Diligent search, however, failed to reveal a single Planorbis. THE NAUTILUS. 67 The snails which were present were found only under fair-sized rocks where they were well protected; they did not occur out in the open stream as had been the case when the creek was more densely populated with snails. In April 1915, on the 22d and 24th, Waller Creek was swept by three scouring floods which devastated the entire bottoms. The water rose higher during the night than it had at any time since 1886; bridges were washed away and much damage done. The bottom of the creek was again washed clean except under the larger stones and in deep holes in the bed. Snails were not observed in any numbers following this flood during the rest of that year. Early in January 1916, however, Physa had again appeared fairly abundantly where they had formerly been very thick, in the region just above the University; later in the spring they became quite numerous here. In January of this year the first Planorbis were found that had been seen in the creek since the autumn floods of 1913. Between Fifteenth and Sixteenth Streets in a pocket containing good-sized stones over which the water flows rather swiftly a number of speci- mens were taken, although none were found above or below this locality. It is noted that below this region the creek is frequently covered with oily scum and that it receives the refuse from the adjoining properties. Except after high water which would clean it out, the creek in this region would hardly be expected to support much snail life. It must be supposed either that the Planorbis had made their way up to Sixteenth Street during the short time following the floods before the water be- came badly contaminated, or else that in this particular place a few specimens from the previous years had withstood the floods and reproduced themselves in sufficient numbers to be notice- able in January. Of these two suppositions the latter seems much the more rational. After the flood of 1915 the water subsided very quickly so that a new layer of humus and algae was not deposited, but that the bed was again restored to its former condition of a clean smooth rock bottom. Upon the return to this condition the snail population increased very rapidly, and at the time when the last observation was made in the early summer of 1916, seemed in a fair way to return to the condition of 1912. 68 THE NAUTILUS. It seems to the writer that the slow return of the snails dur- ing the year 1914 was due not only to the repeated rains of the fall and winter of 1913-14, but also to the condition of the creek bed at this time. Although the heavy rains of 1915 were more severe, they were confined to one month, and the creek bed was left in a very much cleaner condition than during the preceding year, The conditions of life which obtain now in Waller Creek are those of a new life region. This must of necessity be so in an intermittent stream to a certain extent, but owing to the flood conditions here they are doubly so. The chief facts of interest in regard to the habits of snails as shown by these observations, are these: 1, The snails of both species are to be found commonly in uncontaminated water which is running at a fairly rapid rate, and the most common orientation is with the heads pointing up stream; 2, The snail population in any stream is subject to wide fluctations depend- ing upon flood conditions; 3, Physa because of its shape is less affected by floods than Planorbis; 4, The return of the snail population to a given stream is determined not only by the frequency and severity of the floods, but also by the condition of the bottom of the stream after the subsidence of the high water; 5, The snails thrive best where there is a constantly renewed supply of clean water which contains little decaying vegetation. Wabash College, Crawfordsville, Ind. WILLIAM BULLOCK CLARK. Dr. William Bullock Clark, professor of geology in the Johns Hopkins University, eminent for his contributions to geology, died suddenly from apoplexy on July 27, at his summer home at North Haven, Maine. Wm. Bullock Clark was born at Brattleboro, Vermont, De- cember 15, 1860. Since 1894 he was professor of geology in Johns Hopkins Univesity. In 1896 Professor Clark organized the Maryland Geological Society, and has been State Geologist since that time. The admirable volumes on paleontology of | | | | | THE NAUTILUS. 69 Maryland, issued under his direction, are widely used by con- chologists interested in fossil mollusks. This series of reports will be his enduring memorial. Professor Clark’s chief paleon- tological interest was in the Echinoidea, upon which he pub- lished several monographs. PUBLICATIONS RECEIVED. A MonocrarH oF West AMERICAN MELANELLID MOLLUSKS. By Paul Bartsch (Pro. U. S. Nat. Museum, Vol. 53, pp. 295- 356, pls. 34-39, Aug. 1917). This completes the discussion of the West American mollusks of the super-family Pyramidel- loideae, comprising the family Pyramidellidae, which has been previously treated, and the Melanellidae here considered. The former are readily distinguished by having the ‘‘nepionic whorls sinistral and tilted; the axis of the early whorls usually being at right angles to that of the succeeding turns, in the first of which the nuclear whorls are frequently quite strongly im- bedded.’’ In the latter the early whorls are dextral and never tilted or immersed. A review of the work done in this group is followed by the descriptions of the species, including forty- nine new species and one new genus Eulimostraca. The illustra- tions are excellent. New anp Litrte Known Species oF SoutH AMERIcAN Mus- SELS OF THE GENUS DipLopon. By William B. Marshall (Proc. U.S. Nat. Museum, Vol. 53, pp. 381-388, Pls. 50-55, August, 1917). Two new species Diplodon felipponei and D. fortis are described and figured, together with six species described by Mr. C. T. Simpson in his Descriptive Catalogue of the Naiades and not previously figured. NoTES ON THE SHELLS OF THE GENUS EPITONIUM AND ITS ALLIES OF THE Paciric Coast oF AmERIcA. By William H. Dall, (Proc. U.S. Nat. Museum, Vol. 53, pp. 471-488, August, 1917). An interesting account of the various groups and sub- genera is followed by descriptions of forty-two new species. The name Pictoscala is proposed for a section, type Scalaria lineata Say. 70 THE NAUTILUS. STUDIES ON AUSTRALIAN Moxtiusca. Pr. XIII. By C. Hed- ley (Proc, Linn. Soc. New South Wales, 1916, vol. 41, pt. 4, pp. 680-719, pls. 46-52, issued April 4, 1917). The author’s notes under Tridacna gigantea Perry are of such general interest that we quote them in part. ‘‘ Under the name of Chama gigas the father of Natural History seems to have embraced the whole of the modern genus TJridacna. For the name gigas, as restricted to a single species, the candidates are the shell subsequently named squamosa by Lamarck and a huge species whose valves in the Ulrica Museum, together weighed 498 pounds. ‘* After careful examination, Hanley decided that the fur- belowed clam, such‘as Reeve has figured for 7. squamosa, ought rightly to bear the name gigas. He based his verdict on the ground that the actual shell owned by Linné as representing gigas, is the Lamarckian squamosa, and that to this apply most of the literary references. Linnean contemporaries such as Born, Regenfuss and Chemnitz, while making casual references to the giant, all agree in figuring and describing squamosa as the Linnean gigas. ‘* Discriminating in 1819 between the species his predecessors had confused, Lamarck unlawfully used the name gigas for the largest form, while for the Linnean gigas he proposed squamosa. Attentive to the remarks of Hanley, Hidalgo in 1903, renamed the biggest species 7. lamarcki. But in 1811, Perry had already used the name Chama gigantea for ‘the largest shell at present known.’ As the young of the giant has not yet been traced to the adult, it is still possible that squamosa is a juvenile deeper- water form of the large intertidal and abraded gigantea. ‘‘The heaviest known are a pair weighing 550 lbs., which Cuvier and Lamarck relate were presented by the Venetian Republic to Francis I. These still exist, their edges bound with brass, as holy-water basins in the cathedral of St. Sulpice, in Paris. ‘‘The photographs of Saville Kent show the giant clams in their natural position on the Great Barrier Reef, where they occur free and exposed at low tide, standing on their umbones, and showing their brightly colored mantle and so-called eyes as they gape.’’ THE NAUTILUS. Tt There are many other interesting notes bearing on nomencla- ture, and the animals of Australian species. Six new species are described and twenty-nine species figured.—C. W. J. An ANNOTATED List OF SHELLS FROM NORTHERN MICHIGAN. By Mina L. Winslow (Occasional papers, Mus. Zool., Univ. Mich., No. 42, July 1, 1917) a list of sixty-five species from Schoolcraft, Alger and Chippewa counties, also a list from Isle Royale. NOTES. THE OLpRoYD CoLLection.—Mr. and Mrs. J. 8. Oldroyd have given their collection of shells to the Leland Stanford Jr. University, and are now permanently employed in the Museum, Mrs. Oldroyd being the curator. The collection has been placed in the Department of Geology and Mining. The Stanford alumni purchased the collection and library of the late Henry Hemp- hill, which, with the Law collection and several others, forms an unusually fine working series. Mr. and Mrs. Oldroyd have spent about eight weeks at Friday Harbor, Puget Sound and British Columbia making large collections for the Stanford University, California Academy of Science and University of California. NortH Carortina Lanp SxHELLs.—The following species of land shells were picked from leaf-mold collected at Spruce Pine, Mitchell Co., North Carolina, by Samuel G. Gordon while on a mineralogical excursion. The specimens are in the collection of the Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., Gastrocopta contracta Say, G. pentodon Say, Circinaria concava Say, Polita indentata Say, Tax- eodonta lamellidens Pils., Gastrodonta elliotti Redf., G. gularis Say, Euconulus sterkvi Dall., Punctum pygmeum Drap., Carychiwm exile Lea.—E. G. VANATTA. A Correction.—In my little paper, ‘‘ Descriptions of New West American Marine Mollusks and Notes on Previously Described Forms,’’ Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., Vol. 52, pp. 670- 671, plate 46, figure 2, 1917, I published Certthiopsis ( Cerithiop- 72 THE NAUTILUS. sis) helena from Panama, type Cat. No, 204128, U. S. N. M. Mr. Vignal, of Paris, has been kind enough to call my atten- tion to fact that the same combination was used by O. Boettger in 1901 for a fossil in his contribution ‘‘ Zur Kenntnis der Fauna der mittelmiociinen Schichten von Kostej] im Krass0- Szorényer Komitat,’’ in ‘‘ Verhandlungen und Mitteilungen des siebenbiirgischen Vereins fiir Naturwissenchaften zu Hermann- stadt,’’ p. 128, 1901. It is therefore necessary to bestow a new designation on my shell, and it may be known as Cerithiop- sis (Cerithiopsis) anaitis.—PauL Barrscu. ALBINISTIC EPIPHRAGMOPHORA FIDELIS.—A few days ago, I had two hours in Gladstone Park. The Park is wooded, and there are large moss-covered rocks. LE. fidelis was out freely. I found one light one. The one sent you some years ago was uniform in color. This one shows two distinct dark narrow bands around the lower whorl but not showing anywhere else. This is the fourth one I have found in the Park in twenty years or more, though I have been there often. : —J. G. Matong, Portland, Ore. THE many friends of Dr. HERMANN von InERING will hear with deep regret that he has been removed by political intrigue from his position of Director of the Museu Paviista at Sao Paulo, Brazil. This museum was founded by Dr. von Ihering. His eminence as a zoologist and unceasing activity as an inves- tigator of the South American fauna, had won for it an honor- able place among scientific institutions. We understand that his successors are men without knowledge of the biological sciences. As the only scientific assistant, Mr. Rudolph von Thering has resigned, it appears that the scientific activity of the State Museum of Sao Paulo has come to an end—a real calamity to American zoology and paleontology. Dr. von Ihering is located at present at Hansa de Joinville, State of Santa Catharina. He isin good health, and is engaged in the preparation of his work : ‘‘ Die biogeographischen Grund- gesetze,’’? several chapters of which will deal with mollusks.— H, Ay Ps & :C, Wed: THe NAUTILUS. VoL. XXXI. JANUARY, 1918. No. 3 NEW SOUTHERN FORMS OF CARYCHIUM AND THYSANOPHORA. BY GEO! He CLAPP. 4 |) N\A CARYCHIUM EXIGUUM FLORIDANUM new Sees, P1.8, fig. 4-6. Differs from the type by its constantly smaller size and the greatly thickened lip. The shell is also more tapering, making the last whorl appear swollen. Of 25 shells measured, from 5 different localities, the largest is 1.73 X 0.81 mm. and the smallest 1.52 x 0.78 mm., the average being 1.64 * 0.78 mm. Fig. 5, ‘‘Snapper Creek Hammock” about 8 miles south of Miami, Fla., measures 1.64 * 0.72 mm. Length of aperture 0.63, width 0.58 mm. Average of 6 shells, 1.61 * 0.70 mm. Fig. 4, near Coot Bay, Cape Sable, measures 1.73 0.78 mm. Length of aperture 0.69, width 0.63 mm. Average of 6 shells 1.67 & 0.78 mm. Fig. 6, Miami, collected by S. N. Rhoads, measures 1.78 x 0.86 mm. South side of Miami River, about 2 miles above Miami, average of 6 shells 1.61 < 0.77 mm. Musa Isle, edge of Everglades at entrance to Miami River, average of 6 shells 1.58 « 0.79 mm. The Musa Isle shells are more globose than those from the other localities, the diameter being exactly one-half of the length. This subspecies is of wide distribution in Florida and I first noticed it in 1895 when I collected a single specimen at Homo- sassa, Citrus Co. So far as I have seen it is the only form found in the Miami and Cape Sable regions. Carychium is apparently not present on the Florida Keys as 74 THE NAUTILUS. I have examined ‘‘rubbish’’ from over 20 of them from Key Biscayne to Garden Key, Dry Tortugas; and while I found over 60 species of land shells, there was not even a fragment of Carychium, and it is not mentioned in any of Pilsbry’s published lists of Key shells. Types from Snapper Creek Hammock, No. 8569 of my col- lection. THYSANOPHORA MACNEILLI n. sp. Pl. 8, fig. 1. Shell small, globose, with about four well-rounded whorls, suture deep; color chestnut-brown, somewhat shining; surface with faint growth lines and microscopically granulated; apex obtuse, large, more densely granulated than the body of the shell; widely umbilicate with the umbilicus extending to the apex and contained about 5 times in the diameter of the shell. Aperture well rounded slightly oblique, lip thin, partly reflected around the umbilicus. The type measures alt. 1.50, diam. 1.38, umbilicus 0.29 mm, Types, fig. 1, from Magazine Point, 8 miles north of Mobile, Ala., No. 8572 of my collection. Also found at Spring Hill and along the Fowl] River about 3 miles from the coast in the southern part of Mobile Co. This species is named after the late L. H. McNeill of Mobile, Ala., who first found it in 1914. Mr. McNeill, although handi- capped by poor health, was an enthusiastic collector and added much to our knowledge of the molluscan fauna of southern * Alabama. There are two species found in Florida, and probably others of the Gulf states, with which this species may be confused. From T. dioscoricola (C. B. Ad.) it differs in the wider umbili- cus, less oblique aperture and in having about 4 whorl more in the same diameter. T. caeca (Guppy) is a larger, more depressed shell, subangular at the periphery, umbilicus nearly covered, and surface with distinct spiral sculpture. EXPLANATION OF PLATE 8. Fig. 1, T. macneilli Clapp 16.6, alt. 1.50, diam. 1.38 mm. — THE NAUTILUS. 75 Fig. 2, T. dioscoricola (C. B. Ad.) * 16.6, alt. 1.38, diam. 1.27 mm. Fig. 3, T. caeca (Guppy) 16.6, alt. 1.67, diam. 1.73 mm. Fig. 4, C. e. floridanum Clapp x 21, alt. 1.73, diam. 0.78 mm. Fig. 5, C. e. floridanum Clapp X 21, alt. 1.64, diam. 0.72 mm. Fig. 6, C. e. floridanum Clapp X 20, alt. 1.73, diam.0.66 mm. THE ANATOMY OF TWO AFRICAN NAYADES, UNIO CAFFER AND SPATHA WAHLBERGI. BY A. E. ORTMANN. Unio cAFFER Krauss, Sued Afr. Moll. 1848. Nodularia caffer Simpson, Synopsis, 1900, p. 825. Unio caffer Simpson, Descript. Catal. 1914, p. 574. When Simpson placed this species in Nodularia, the anatomy of only two species of this genus was known, and these had the inner gills marsupial. We know now, that Simpson’s Nodularia is altogether a conglomerate of entirely heterogeneous forms. The present species was placed by Simpson (in 1914) in Unio, since he had seen gravid specimens. But he does not give any particulars as to the structure of the soft parts, and thus it is desirable to give an account of them. I am indebted to B. Walker for the soft parts of a number of specimens of this species, collected at two localities; Lindague Spruit, Natal (trib. to Little Tugela River, coll. in July 1913); and Premier Mine Pumping Station, junction of Elands and Wilge River, near Pretoria, Transvaal (coll. April 1914). The gravid females collected in July had mostly eggs, but one of them had glochidia; of those collected in April only one female was gravid, and also had glochidia. It is hardly possible to draw from these dates a conclusion as to the breeding season, except that it might begin in July, provided that there is at all a definite season. Anatomy: Anal opening separated from the supraanal opening by a moderate mantle connection, slightly shorter than the anal. Supraanal about as long as or slightly longer than the anal. The latter with the inner edge almostsmooth. Branchial 76 THE NAUTILUS. opening with distinct papillae. No differentiating structures on mantle-edge in front of branchial. /Palpi subfalciform, of medium size, their posterior margins united for nearly half their length. Gills of the Unionid-type: gill diaphragm complete, separat- ing anal and branchial openings. Anterior end of inner gills widely remote from the palpi. Inner lamina of inner gill free from abdominal sac, except at anterior end. Septa and water-tubes present, the former continuous and not interrupted, parallel to the gill-filaments. In the male, and in the inner gill of the female, they are weak and distant from each other. The outer gill of the female is marsupial practically in its entire length, with heavy and crowded septa. When charged, the marsupium is moderately swollen, the edge remaining sharp. Placentae lanceolate and compressed, moderately developed, when eggs are present, less so, when glochidia are present. Glochidia subtriangular in shape, longer than high, lower margin bluntly pointed in the middle; hooks have not been observed, but there is a slight swelling of the margin at the point, without any spinules. It might be that both of my specimens contain only immature glochidia, and that the mature glochidia have hooks of the Unio-type: but the glochidia do not look like immature ones. Size of glochidium: L. 0.23 to 0.25; H. 0.20 to 0.21 mm. (in Unio pictorum, L. and H. is 0.21 mm.). The structure is that of the subfamily Unioninae, and espec- ially of-those genera which have only the outer gills marsupial. Considering the general shape of the shell, zig-zag beak sculp- ture, anatomy and glochidia (tringular shape of the latter and their size), this species stands very near to the genus Unio in the modern sense (Ortman, Ann. Carm. Mus. 8, 1912, p. 273) ; the only difference is, that the glochidia, although possessing the characteristic triangular shape, have no hooks but this might be due to immature condition. For the present, it is advisable to retain this species in the genus Unio (U. pictorum as type), and there is no doubt that it stands at least very close to it. If a separate generic (or subgen- THE NAUTILUS. 77 eric) name should be found to be necessary, Cafferia Simpson should be considered. SpATHA (SPATHA) WAHLBERGI (Krauss). Simpson, Descr. Cat. 1914, p. 1326. From Mr. W. Israél I have received two specimens from Mkata River (tributary to Wami R.), and two specimens from Ngerengere River (tributary to Kingani or Ruwu R.) both near Mrogoro, German East Africa (collected by Mr. Rudolf). They all resemble each other, but the specimens from the Mkata have a‘ brownish epidermis, those from the Ngerengere a blackish brown one. They agree well with the description and figure of S. natalensis Lea (Obs. xi. 1887, pl. 20, f. 58), which is a synonym of wahlbergi Krauss. The specimens from the Mkata are both females, those from the Ngerengere are male and female. In Naurtitus 24, 1910 pp. 39-42, I have described the soft parts of Spatha kamerunensis Walker, a West African form, which belongs to the subgenus Aspatharia Bourguignat. The present species is a real Spatha, and the examination has shown, that it closely resembles kamerunensis in its anatomy, with the exception of one detail. Anal opening ovate, about as long as the branchial, closed above by the union of the inner edges of the mantle, without a supraanal opening. Edge of anal thickened and wrinkled, but without papillae, probably capable of a moderate tubular ex- tension (siphon). Anal separated from the branchial opening by a solid connection of the mantle edges. Branchial defined below (or anteriorly) by connection of the inner mantle edges, which, how- ever, is short, shorter than the branchial (about one fourth to one third as long). In one of my specimens, this connection is torn apart, but still distinctly recognizable. Edge of branchial somewhat elevated and with small or indistinct papillae, pro- bably also forming a short siphon. Farther in front, the mantle edges are unconnected and smooth. Palpi and gills exactly of the structure described in Spatha kamerunensis. Also here the inner lamina of the inner gills is free from the abdominal sac, and the septa of the gills are of 78 THE NAUTILUS. the same general character. In the female, the septa of the of the inner gill possess, close to the outer lamina, a marked swelling, by which the female may be recognized at once (the swellings are distinctly seen with a hand-lens). Thus Spatha wahlbergi differs from S. kamerunensis only by the presence of a mantle connection below (or in front of ) the branchial opening, by which this opening becomes perfectly closed and subtubular. Whether this is a general character, which disting- uishes the subgenera Spatha and Aspatharia, remains to be seen. There is no doubt, however, that this character indicates a higher specialisation of S. wahlbergi, as compared with S. kamer- unensis. Attention should be called to the fact, that in the South American shells of the Hyriine-type, this mantle con- nection anterior to the branchial is rather variable, and may or may not form a generic character (Nautitus, 24, 1911, pp. 117, 118). A NEW CUBAN ZACHRYSIA. BY H. A. PILSBRY. ZACHRYSIA RAMSDENI n. sp. _ PI. 7, figs. 5, 6. The shell is depressed-globose, imperforate, of an olive-ocher color, glossy. First 14 whorls smooth, following neanic whor!s irregularly wrinkled, the last whorl sharply striate above, the base nearly smooth. The periphery is rounded, last whorl descending in front. The aperture is very oblique; outer lip slightly thickened, unexpanded. The base-columellar margin is slightly concave, narrowly reflected and depressed, having a very small nodule nearer to the columella than to the base. Alt. 13.5, diam. 17.5 mm.; 4 whorls (type). Alt. 12.5, diam. 15.8 mm. Manati, Los Canos estate, near Guantanamo, Cuba. Type No. 117482 A. N. 8. P., collected by Charles T. Ramsden. This species resembles Z. emarginata Pfr., but differs by the much thinner peristome and especially the narrower base-colu- mellar lip. This forms a wide, flat plate in emarginata, but is much narrower in ramsdeni than in any other species of the EOE THE NAUTILUS. 79 group. The tooth on the basal lip is much smaller than in emarginata. Specimens have been in the collection of the Academy for many years labeled ‘‘ H. emarginata?’’ One lot from Bland has the query ‘‘can these be young emarginata?’’ on the label —Another lot was in the Van Nostrand collection, two speci- mens having been given to the Academy. ‘The collector of these shells is unknown. Other views of the specimens now figured were given in Nauvtiwvs, vol. 28, April, 1915, pl. 6, figs. 2, 2a, when I first recognized the form as new. Z. emarginata (pl. 7, fig. 7) was first found by Gundlach at Caimanera, on Guantanamo Bay, only dead ones in this arid place. Afterwards he collected it at Mayari. Mr. Ramsden has sent it from the following localities: Boca de Jaibo, 1 mile below confluence of Jaibo and Guantanamo rivers. Arroyo Hondo, Los Cafios, Guantanamo, Vinculo de Guantanamo, Colonia ‘‘ Blanco,’’ 2 miles southeast of Guantanamo. Also a dead shell from Caimanera, Gundlach’s original locality. Fossil specimens were sent by Mr. Aman some years ago from a de- posit of clay at Guamo, on the Rio Cauto. Specimens from all of these localities have been examined by the winter. There is not much variation except in the height of the spire. REICHENBACH’S ZOOLOGIE. Allgemeine Taschenbibliothek der Wissenschaften. Finfter Theil. Zoologie oder Naturgeschichte des Thierreichs. Erstes Bindchen. Dresden. P. G. Hilschersche Buchhandlung. 1828. Zoologie oder Naturgeschichte des Thierreichs, nach eigenen Ansichten bearbeitet von H. G. Ludwig Reichenbach, etc., etc. Erstes Bindchen. The series and special title pages quoted above are those of a little-known book which I have been able to examine by the kindness of Dr. Charles W. Richmond, the well-known orni- thologist and expert on bird nomenclature. Except for the new 80 THE NAUTILUS. names |introduced in the work, there is little original for its time, or of interest now ; but a notice of the generic names is in order. A few of the new names are merely variations of the spelling of well-known older names, some perhaps changed in- advertently, others being feminine forms of originally masculine names. Reichenbach appeared to favor Venus, as Montfort favored Mars. I note the following; the names which they presumably equal are supplied in brackets. Lithotornus Cuv.; p. 88 [Lithodomus]. Padollia Montf.; p. 91 [Padollus]. Ricinella Lam.; pp. 92 138 [Ricinula]. Melampa Drap.; p. 93 [Melampus]. Scarabaea Montf.; p. 98 [Scarabus]. Also p. 152, where S. imbrium is mentioned as typical. Another series of names, for which no authorities are given, and which are therefore to be credited to Reichenbach, are de- fined by references to vernacular names in Montfort, or are sub- stitutes for earlier generic names. All of the following except the last are evidently considered to be subgenera or other subdi- visions of Murex L. Lathiria (les lathires Montf.); p. 91 [Latirus Montf.]. Brontesia (Brontes Montf.); p. 91 [Brontes Montf.]. Typhlia (les Typhlis Monté.); p. 91 [Typhis Montf.]. Cichorax (les Chicoracés Montf.); p. 91 [Chicoreus Montf.]. Aquilla (les Aquilles Montf.); p. 91 [Aquillus Montf.]. Trophones (les Trophones Montf.); p. 91 [Trophon Montf.]. Appollia (les Apolles Montf.); p. 91. [Apollon Montf.]. Chondrina R. (Chondrus Cuv. non Lamx.); p. 93. The Zweites Biindchen was published in 1836, The author notes the delay on p. 272. The pagination is continuous with the first volume. The system is developed, with some descrip- tion of the genera and one or more species mentioned. On p. 152 the name Chondrina is defined (as a subgenus or subordinate group of Helix) with the words: ‘‘ mit eif6rmiger Schale—H. avenacea, Hafer Sch.’’ Avenacea was one of the species of Cuvier’s Chondrus (for which Chondrina was pro- posed as a substitute). As it is the only species cited under THE NAUTILUS. 81 Chondrina, it becomes type of that group. No type had been selected previously for Chondrus. Chondrina will therefore re- place Modicella Ads., 1854, as used by Boettger and Westerlund. So far as I know, the other names proposed had all been pro- vided with valid names previously. The work covers the invertebrates only. There are some new generic names in other Classes, as well as those in Mollusca noticed above. H. A. PILsBry. FURTHER NOTES ON THE MOLLUSCA OF ONEIDA LAKE, NEW YORK; THE MOLLUSKS OF LOWER SOUTH BAY. BY FRANK C. BAKER. In a previous paper’ the writer listed the fresh-water mol- lusks of the west end of Oneida Lake, 62 species and races being represented. In the present paper the fresh-water mollusks of a large bay in Oneida Lake are listed, the additional material bringing the total molluscan fauna of the lake to 91 species and races, of which 5 are new toscience. It is highly probable that half the species of fresh-water mollusks inhabiting the State will be found in Oneida Lake when the east end, the deep water, and the small tributary streams are examined. The additional Spheriide collected in 1916 is noteworthy, bringing the total number to 32, of which 23 are Pisidia. The deeper water also added several species of note not found in 1915. Mollusks were abundant everywhere, being absent from less than one percent of the area examined. Associated with the mollusks were oligochete worms, planarians, leeches, amphi- pods and other crustaceans, fresh-water insects and insect larve, and the little water mites, forming together a veritable micro- cosm, in which the majority of fresh-water groups of animals were represented. In point of numbers the mollusks usually predominated. The studies in Lower South Bay were carried on quantitatively for the purpose of ascertaining the available amount of fish food present in this body of water and its im- 1The NAUTILUS, xxx, pages 5-9, 1916. 82 THE NAUTILUS. mediate vicinity. During the field work, 18,440 specimens were collected, of which, 9335 were mollusks. Ecological notes were made on all of the species in connection with the environ- ment and with the associated animals. The discussion of these topics, many of which are of an economic nature, will be pub- lished as a technical bulletin by the New York State College of Forestry, and the interested reader is referred to this publica- tion for details concerning these and kindred subjects. When the field work was made for the material upon which Technical Bulletin Number IV (page 89) is founded the deeper water of the west end of the lake was examined with a crowfoot dredge, and, naturally, only a few mussels were obtained. For the field work of 1916 a large dredge with a 16-inch frame was used with very satisfactory results, a large number of clams as well as gastropods being collected. When these results were tabulated an interesting variation in bathymetrical distribution was observed. ‘This is indicated in the table below: Table showing decrease of mollusks with depth. Shore to six inches . ; ; . 6 species 1 to 3 feet ; ; : : . 46 species 3 to 6 feet ; F i ‘ . 40 species 6 to 9 feet : é ; : . 39 species 9to l2ieet . : : ; . 29 species 12 to 15 feet . ; : : . 26 species 15 to 18 feet . ‘ ; ‘ 11 species Lower South Bay is the largest Banat: of Oneida Lake and is situated at the southwest end. It is about one by two miles in extent and covers an area of approximately 881 acres. It is well protected on the north by Long Point which extends east- ward into the lake for nearly a mile, forming an effectual bar- rier to the heavy north and northwest storms. Between Long Point and Short Point (see the map in Technical Bulletin, IV) lies Short Point Bay where the water is usually quiet and the habitats are sheltered from strong waves. The greater part of the shore is of sand or clay, a very small proportion being of gravel and boulders. The deeper water has a mud bottom. The 881 acres included in the area of Lower South Bay is divided as follows: THE NAUTILUS. 83 Boulder and gravel bottom . 3 . 20 acres Sand bottom 5 : ; : . 85 acres Clay bottom ; : : : . 92 acres Mud bottom : : ; : . 684 acres Total acreage . : A . 881 Plant life is very abundant in the bay and it is due to the great quantity of this life that the animal life is so abundant. The submerged plants are the most abundant in species, Pota- mogeton, Najas, Elodea, Vallisneria and Myriophyllum being the principal genera represented. Scirpus, Pontederia, Nymphea and Castalia are the most abundant of the emergent types of vegetation. The most surprising result of the plant analysis has been the presence of great quantities of filamentous and other alge, the former in places fairly choking the water. Up- wards of 36 species were found in the material examined by Dr. EK. N. Transeau, including Cladophora, Oedogonium, Ulothrix and Spirogyra among the filamentous species. It was in this mass of alge, which often formed a thick blanket, that the greater number of mollusks and other animals were found. In the list of species to follow, reference is made to the depth of water and to the character of bottom upon which the species was found. As all but a very few were collected in Lower South Bay, the locations are given only where the species was found in a habitat outside of this area. My thanks are due Dr. H. A. Pilsbry, Dr. Bryant Walker, and Dr. V. Sterki for the determination of critical material. To Dr. C. C. Adams and Dr. Hugh P. Baker, of the New York State College of Forestry I am indebted for the opportunity of making the studies from which these notes are abstracted. UNIONIDAE. Elliptio complanatus (‘‘Solander’’? Dillwyn). In Technical Bulletin, IV, page 252, and in the Nautitus, XXX, page 8. reference is made to the presence of Margaritana margaritifera (L) in the lake. This should be eliminated from the lists as it was founded upon pathologic individuals of Elliptio complanatus. This Elliptio is the commonest mussel in the lake occurring on 84 THE NAUTILUS. all kinds of bottom and in all depths of water examined. The deeper water individuals run considerably smaller than those from shallow water. Anodonta cataracta Say. On all kinds of bottom in 3-8 feet of water. Anodonta implicata Say. Found only on exposed shores in water two and a half to four feet deep, in sand between boulders. Anodonta grandis footiana Lea. Occurs on all kind of bottom except boulder in water one and a half to 15 feet deep. Lampsilis luteola (Lam.). On all varieties of bottom except gravel in water 3-18 feet deep. Lampsilis radiata (Gmelin). Found only in water one and a half to three feet deep on boulder, gravel, and sand bottom. Typical radiata is very rare in Oneida Lake. Lampsilis radiata oneidensis Baker. Common in water from 8-18 feet deep on gravel and mud bottom, usually the latter. This species replaces Lampsilis borealis (Gray)' which does not occur in Oneida Lake. SPHAERIIDAE. Spherium vermontanum Prime. The most abundant of these small clams, occurring in water from one and a half to 14 feet deep and on all varieties of bottom except boulder. | Spherium solidulum (Prime). Occurs sparingly in water 8-18 feet deep on a mud bottom. Dr. Sterki characterizes it as a small eastern form. Spherium sulcatum (Lam.). Found only on a mud bottom in 8-13 feet of water. It is the rarest of these small clams and is a small, slight form, quite unlike the large heavy individuals found in other parts of New York State. It is an interesting case of bathymetrical distribution that vermontanum should oc- cur at all depths examined but that solidulum and sulcatum should be found only at 8 feet and deeper. The last mentioned species was obtained only between 8 and 18 feet. Musculium truncatum (Linsley). Clay bottom in four feet of water. 1See Technical Bulletin, IV, page 257; Naurrtus, XXX, pages 74-77, 1916, THE NAUTILUS. 85 Musculium transversum (Say). Occurred on a sand and clay bottom in water one and a half to four feet deep. The individ- uals are smaller than is normal for the species. Pisidium abditum Haldeman. Small specimens of this species were found on sand, clay, and mud bottoms, in one and a half to 8 feet of water. Pisidium adamsi affine Sterki. Gravel bottom in 3 feet of water. Pisidium complanatum Sterki. Gravel, sand and mud bottoms in water two to 84 feet deep. Pisidium compressum Sterki. Common in water one and a half to 14 feet deep on gravel, sand, clay and mud bottoms. Pisidium compressum levigatum Sterki. Mud bottom in 13 feet of water. Pisidiwm ferrugineum Prime. Occurs in water 3—8 feet deep on sand, clay, or mud bottom. It resembles eastern specimens from New England. Pisidium neglectum Sterki. A few quite small specimens were collected on a mud bottom in 84 feet of water. Pisidium overt Sterki. A single valve of this western species was found in a dredging from a mud bottom in 8 feet of water. This species was first described from South Dakota and was later found in Minnesota. Its occurrence in New York State gives it a wide range eastward. Pisidium pauperculum Sterki. On sand and mud bottoms in one and a half to 8 feet of water. Pisidium punctatum simplex Sterki. On sand and sandy clay bottoms in water 14 to 34 feet deep. Pisidium sargenti Sterki. Small individuals were collected on a sand bottom in one and a half feet of water. Pisidium scutellatum Sterki. One of the most abundant of these minute clams, occurring on gravel, sand, clay, and mud bottoms in water one and a half to 13 feet deep. Pisidium scutellatum cristatum Sterki. More common than the typical form and occurring usually with it. Pisidium splendidulum Sterki. Occurs on a clay bottom in 5 feet of water. Pisidiwm variabile Prime. Found in water 2-13 feet deep on 86 THE NAUTILUS. gravel, sand, clay, and mud bottoms. Most abundant in mud in 4-11 feet of water. The specimens are smaller than normal. Pisidium vesiculare Sterki. Mud bottom in water 8-11 feet deep. A number of Pisidia and Musculia are still in the hands of Dr. Sterki awaiting identification. They are either peculiar forms of well known species or are undescribed, and several species are represented. Of the material collected in 1915 Dr. Sterki says; ‘‘ You should have 30 species or more of Spheriide in your vicinity; and there ought to be more than 20 species (plus varieties) of Pisidium.’? With the 1916 material we nearly reach Sterki’s estimate of probabilities—26 species of the family named and six unnamed. Of Pisidium there are 18 named species and five unnamed. Several of the species listed are recorded from New York State for the first time. The Spheeriidze of Lower South Bay consist of small individuals with slight shells and more or less weak hinges due to some physical property of the water, perhaps a lack of lime. The maximum development of this family, both in species and individuals, appears to be in comparatively deep water. VIVIPARIDAE. Vivipara contectoides W. G. Binney. Collected from a mud bottom in 9 feet of water. Only one specimen, half grown, was found and this was probably brought to its location by cur- rents. This species is abundant in the west end ’of the lake, near Brewerton, where it lives on a sand bottom in shallow water. Campeloma decisum (Say.) Collected from a sand and clay bottom in water one and a half to 5 feet deep. More abundant on a clay bottom. The majority of the individuals of deciswm collected in July 1916 were young or immature, adults being very rare. It seems evident that the young of this species are born in the spring and attain their first year’s growth by Sep- tember or early October. Information concerning the details of the breeding habits of this group of mollusks are desirable. THE NAUTILUS. 87 AMNICOLIDAE. Gillia altilis (Lea). Occurs on boulder, gravel, sand, and mud bottoms in water 1-14 feet deep. Half-grown and adult individuals were abundant in some habitats. Somatogyrus subglobosus (Say). A few specimens were col- lected associated with Gillia. All were immature. Bythinia tentaculata (Linn.). This common species occurs abundantly in Lower South Bay on gravel, sand, clay, and mud bottoms in water 1-14 feet deep. Most abundant on clay and mud bottoms in water 4-14 feet deep. A large percentage of the individuals collected were young or immature. This species is especially abundant in filamentous alge (mostly Cla- dophora fracta) and a single specimen was collected from a leaf of the arrowhead, Sagittaria arifolia. A pint of alge, represent- ing 100 square inches of area on an old log in 5 feet of water, yielded 97 adult and 1270 young individuals of this species. Amnicola limosa porata (Say). This is the largest Amnicola in the lake, and was found only in three habitats: boulder bottom in one foot of water, sand bottom in four and a half feet, and mud bottom in 18 feet of water. It was most abundant on a rocky shoal in water a foot deep, a single boulder having 54 specimens. Typical limosa is apparently not found in this part of the lake. Ammnicola bakeriana nimia Pils. This is the most abundant Amnicola in the lake, easily known by its wide swollen shell. It occurs on all kinds of bottom in water from 1-18 feet deep; about 10 per cent of the material collected was immature. Most abundant, as are all of the species of the genus, in filamentous alge. A single specimen was found on the leaf of Sagittaria arifolia. Amnicola bakeriana Pilsbry. One of the most abundant species in the lake easily recognized by its long spire and deep-sutured whorls. It occurs on all varieties of bottom, though least numerous on boulder and most numerous on clay and mud bottoms where there is a heavy growth of algz. In depth it is most abundant in water from 3-6 feet deep, and occurs from 1 NAUTILUS, xxxi, pp. 44-46, 1917. 88 THE NAUTILUS. 1-18 feet deep. It was dredged in great abundance on a mud bottom covered with Cladophora fracta, in 84 feet of water. Many immature individuals occur with the adults. Amnicola oneida Pilsbry. This is the narrowest species in the lake, greatly resembling Amnicola lustrica but being more slender. It was first seen in 1915 in a lot of shells from French- man Island' but only one specimen was secured. It occurs on all varieties of bottom and in all depths of water from one and a half to 15 feet. It is not common on boulder or gravel bot- toms, but on sand, clay, and mud bottoms, where there is a covering of filamentous alge (Cladophora, Oedogonium or Spi- rogyra) in 24 to 4 feet of water, it is the commonest mollusk in the region. In one or two dredgings it was found in abundance in 8-9 feet of water but it is not usually plentiful in deeper water. Many young and immature individuals were collected with the adults. Amnicola clarkei Pils. This small, subacute species was found associated with bakeriana in four places, though it is not as abundant as that species. Occurs on sand, clay, and mud bottoms, in water 3-84 feet deep, usually in filamentous alge. Amnicola emarginata (Kiister). This characteristic species occurred sparingly in water from 10-18 feet deep on mud and | gravel bottoms, usually with the filamentous algze Cladophora and Spirogyra. PLEUROCERIDAE. Goniobasis livescens (Menke). Found only on boulder and gravel bottoms, on exposed shores or points, in water one and a half to four feet deep. Most abundant in water 1-3 feet deep on a boulder shore. Many young and immature individuals occur. The species as it is found in Lower South Bay varies in the obesity of the body whorl, narrow forms occurring, some with faint bands resembling the shell from Illinois called depy- gis. The columella is deeply tinged with purple. Several young individuals were collected having strongly keeled whorls and measuring 16 mm in width and 7 mm in width. 1See Technical Bulletin, IV, page 269, fig. 45, No. 21. THE NAUTILUS. 89 VALVATIDAE. Valvata tricarinata (Say). Found on all varieties of bottom, except sandy clay, and in all depths of water down to 18 feet. It occurs in numbers on a sand bottom at four feet, on clay bottom at 34 feet, on a mud bottom at 8 and 18 feet. and ona gravel bottom at 15 feet. It is rare on gravel and boulder bottoms in shallow water. In this area it is usually associated with filamentous alg, Cladophora or Oedogonium. Many young and immature specimens occurred as well as some variations in the position of the carine. Valvata bicarinata normalis Walker. Occurred sparingly on gravel, sand, clay, and mud bottoms in water 2-6 deep. Valvata sincera (Say). This is a deep water form and ocurred on gravel and mud bottoms in water 114-18 feet deep, usually associated with the alga Cladophora fracta. It was most abun- dant in water 15-18 feet deep. PHYSIDAE. Physa warreniana Lea. This tadpole snail occured on all varieties of bottom in water from one half to 114 feet deep. It is abundant, however, only in water one half to one and a half feet deep and the the numbers decrease with depth. A gravel or boulder bottom is the normal habitat of this species when adult, but when young or immature, as was the case with the greater number of individuals collected (1-3 mm) it lives in filamentous alge (Oedogonium, Cladophora, Spirogyra). Of 47 lots collected in 1916 but six contained adult animals. This seems to be another species that attains maturity in the fall, adults being abundant the previous year, in September, in shallow water where but few immature shells were seen. This form of Physa seems to differ sufficiently from ancillaria to be considered a species and there seems to be no reason why it should not be called Physa warreniana. It varies greatly in the sculpturing of the shell, many individuals occurring that have a smooth, polished shell. Physa integra Haldeman. Occurs on boulder, sand, clay and mud bottoms in water one and a half to ten feet deep. Most abundant on a sand bottom in water one and a half feet deep, 90 THE NAUTILUS. and on a clay bottom in water two feet deep. The majority of the individuals were young or immature (3-5 mm.) and were frequently associated with alge (Oedogonium, Chara, Nitella) or with the higher vegetation. In one habitat they were found on Potamogeton interruptus and Myriophyllum verticillatum. Physa heterostropha Say? Several young shells (7 mm. long) thought to be this species were found in Tuttle Brook, Chitten- ango Creek. The surface is smooth and shining and the gen- eral slope agrees with shells from Philadelphia which are un- doubted heterostropha. No adult shells were observed. ANCYLIDAE, Ancylus parallelus Haldeman. This characteristic fresh-water limpet was collected from all bottoms except boulder in water one and a half to 11 feet deep, the greater number occurring on a sandy clay bottom in one and a half feet of water. In this area it is associated with filamentous alge (Oedogonium, Cla- dophora) but it is usually more abundant on such plants as Nymphxa, Castalia, Typha and Sparganium. Ancylus fuscus Adams. Young individuals of this species were found in one habitat on a sandy clay bottom in one and a half feet of water. Ancylus species. A single specimen of Ancylus was found on a boulder bottom in two and a half feet of water. It was sub- mitted to Dr. Bryant Walker who says of it, ‘‘ I cannot be sure of the species and therefore prefer to leave it with a question until you get more, which would be very desirable. It does not seem to. be any of the more common species.”’ PLANORBIDARF. Planorbis trivolvis Say. Specimens of typical trivolvis were found in but one habitat, a quiet lagoon on a mud bottom in one and a half feet of water. Planorbis trivolvis variety. This form of trivolvis, listed in Technical Bulletin No. IV, page 277, was again obtained in 1916, on sand, boulder, gravel and clay bottoms in water one and a half feet deep. Ecologically this form of trivolvis differs from the typical form and it would be convenient for it to have THE NAUTILUS. 91 aname. It is suggested that the name fallax of Haldeman is applicable and seems to represent a shell of the kind here indicated. Planorbis binneyi Tryon. Common on a boulder shore in one half to one and a half feet of water. Also collected on sand and clay bottoms in one and a half to five feet of water. The majority of the specimens were young or immature. Three young individuals were found on a leaf of Sagittaria arifolia. Planorbis antrosus Conrad. Occurs on all varieties of bottom, in water one and a half to 18 feet deep. It is more abundant at a depth of one and a half to three feet on asand or clay bottom, and is usually associated with the filamentous alge Cladophora and Oedogonium. Also found on floating leaves of Potamogeton natans. The majority of individuals were young or immature and the adults were smaller than normal. Planorbis campanulatus Say. Common on all varieties of bottom in water 1-9 feet deep. It is most abundant on a sand bottom in 14-5 feet of water. In most habitats it is associated with filamentous alge (Oedogonium, Cladophora, Spirogyra). About half the individuals collected were young or immature. Planorbis parvus Say. Occurs on all varieties of bottom in water 14-12 feet deep, but is most abundant on clay, sand, and mud bottoms in water 14-4 feet deep. It is usually rarest on boulder bottoms, but on a shoal north of Dunham Island a single boulder 6x4x3 inches had 15 parvus on its surface. This species is usually associated with the alge mentioned under the last species and is also frequently found on the leaves of Nym- phaea, Castalia, Sagittaria arifolia, Myrioyhyllum, and Potamogeton interruptus and Richardsoni. Parvus is the most abundant Plan- orbis in the region the alge in many places being filled with this species and one of the Amnicolas. Planorbis hirsutus Gould. This species occurs on all varieties of bottom except clay, in water 14-9 feet deep, being most abundant at 3-4 feet on a sand bottom. Rare on boulder and gravel bottoms. Associated with filamentous alge. Planorbis deflectus Say. This species is apparently rare in Lower South Bay occurring in but three habitats, on a gravel bottom in 24 feet of water. 92 THE NAUTILUS. Planorbis exacuous Say. Occurs on all varieties of bottom in 14-15 feet of water. Most abundant on sand and mud bottoms in 2-5 feet of water. It is rare on gravel bottom but is fairly common on boulder bottom, two to four individuals being found on each stone. Segmentina armigera (Say). This species was collected in two habitats, one a swampy shore in Short Bay among the alga Oedogonium and the other in a protected bay on the north side of Frenchman Island, on leaves of Sagittaria arifolia. Both habitats are in shallow water with mud bottoms. LYMNAEIDAE. Iymnea stagnalis lilliane Baker. This, the largest of the gastropods in the lake, was found only in one habitat, the rocky shore of the lake, east of Norcross Point, in water a few inchés to two feet in depth. All were immature, half or three- quarters grown. A single young shell (dead) 14 mm. in length was found in a small bay on the south shore of Long Point in water 34 feet deep, but it had evidently been brought there from some other habitat. Pseudosuccinea columella chalybea (Gould). Collected in two habitats, a protected bay on Nymphea leaves, and a partly en- closed lagoon among filamentous alge, Oedogonium. All speci- mens were immature. Acella haldemani (‘‘ Deshayes’’ Binney). Observed in two habitats on submerged vegetation, always in a protected situa- tion, in water from 1—4 feet deep. All of the specimens were young, none exceeding 10 mm. in length, and were invariably found on the narrow leaves of Potamogeton interruptus. For the ecology of this species see the NauTiLus, XXX, pages 135-138. Galba catascopium (Say). One of the most abundant of Oneida Lake mollusks, found on all varieties of bottom in water 14 to 14 feet deep. It is most abundant on sand and mud bottoms, associated with filamentous alge, when young, and on boulder and gravel bottoms when adult. Galba obrussa (Say). A single dead shell of this species was found in a dredging on a bar near a small lagoon east of the steamboat landing in 14 feet of water. It was young, 5 mm. THE NAUTILUS. 93 long, and had evidently been washed into this habitat from some region along shore. Galba humilis modicella (Say). Found in two habitats, one a lagoon among floating alge (Oedogoniwm) and the other in Tuttle Brook, a tributary of Chittanango Creek, near the shore, in a few inches of water among the alge Oedogonium and Cla- dophora. In the latter the mollusks were very abundant craw- ling on the shore at the margin of the water. SUCCINEIDAE. Succinea retusa Lea. Small specimens of this species were very abundant along the shore at Becker’s landing, crawling over the rocks on the shore near the margin of the lake. The New York State College of Forestry, Syracuse University. NEW LAND SHELLS FROM CALIFORNIA AND NEVADA. H. A. PILSBRY AND JAS. H. FERRISS. EPIPHRAGMOPHORA CALLISTODERMA N. sp. PI. 7, fig. 3. The shell is narrowly umbilicate, thin, cinnamon-brown, fading on the base to tawny olive, having a chesnut-brown band at the shoulder, with a wide border below and a narrow one above of olive buff. Sculpture of inconspicuous growth- wrinkles, and under the microscope, it is seen to be set with rounded pustules in high relief (about 35 in a square mm. on the upper part of the last whorl) ; they are rather irregularly arranged, along the growth-wrinkles the surface between pustules having very beautiful fine and close sculpture of wrinkles, which are parallel in spiral bands on the shell, elsewhere ir- regular and interrupted. This gives the shell a many-banded appearance, in certain lights. Whorls nearly 54, narrow and closely wound, the last rela- tively very wide, broadly rounded peripherally, descending a little in front. The aperture is large, oblique, margins but slightly expanding, at the columella dilated partly over the um- bilicus. Alt. 16, diam. 23 mm. oblique alt. of aperture 13, width 14 mm. 94 THE NAUTILUS. Margin of Kern River 2 miles north of Bakersfield, Tulare Co., Cal., on an island formed by an irrigation ditch ; on dead vegetation at the water’s edge. Collected by Ferriss and Hand, July 1, 1916. This species differs from all forms of E. mormonum and E. hillebrandi by its much smaller umbilicus, far wider spire, and the more inflated last whorl. The embryonic whorls of the two species mentioned are densely papillose, while the new form has a pattern of close, irregularly radial wrinkles. It is not closely related to any other species known to us. OREOHELIX HANDI N. sp. A member of the O. hemphilli group. The shell is thin, de- pressed, very strongly keeled throughout, irregularly striate, decussated by spiral lines producing a rather indistinct granula- tion. On the other base there are spiral series of granules. In young shells and mostly adults, there are short cuticular pro- cesses on the granules and at the periphery. There are 44 whorls. The first 14, forming the embryonic shell, are strongly convex, the first whorl almost smooth, after which a few radial ripples appear. The first part, embryonic whorl, is very convex but begins to be impressed near the periphery. Subsequently the whorls are excavated on both sides of the suture, and the last one is concave above and below the peripheral keel. In fact it descended a little below the keel. The umbilicus is rather large and funicular. Aperture rather small, the margins con- verging, thin. There is a band of dark livid brown above and one close below the keel, the rest of the upper surface being clouded or suffused with the same color with lighter patches and streaks ; keel usually whitish. Alt. 5.7, diam. 10.2 mm. Charleston Mountain, Lincoln Co., Nevada. This is about 30 miles north of Las Vegas, Nevada. Collecting was done for about a mile southward from Griffith’s Hotel, the elevation about 9000 to 9500 ft. This species is related to O. hemphilli and O. eurekensis, but differs from both by its more depressed, much more strongly keeled form. 0. hemphilli is also much larger and more solid. Its locality is about 200 miles northeast from Charleston THE NAUTILUS. 95 Mountain. Whether these three forms will eventually be ranked as species or eurekensis and handi as subspecies of hemphilli can- not be determined definitely until] further collections are made in Nevada and western Utah. At the present time, there is no evidence of intergradation, yet the territory where such evidence would be looked for is wholly unexplored. Some hundreds of specimens were collected. There is slight variation in sculpture, but very little in form. Vallonia cyclophorella Ancey. A race which may be called V. c. septuagentaria P.&F. was taken at Bubb’s Creek Falls, Tulare Co. It has fully 70 ribs on the base. Alt. 1.25, diam. 3 mm. A SUMMER’S COLLECTION AT FRIDAY HARBOR, WASHINGTON. BY T. S. OLDROYD. Mrs. Oldroyd and myself had the pleasure of spending our vacation at the marine biological station of the University of Washington at Friday Harbor, San Juan Co., Washington. This group of islands, so wonderful in their wild beauty, is situ- ated between the Strait of Fuca and the Strait of Georgia, north of Port Townsend. The San Juan group comprises more than 100 islands of varying sizes, the most important being San Juan, noted as having been the scene of the last struggle between the British and Americans in the boundary-line dispute from 1852 to 1872; the ruins of the old English camp and blockhouse still remain near Roach Harbor. Friday Harbor, the chief town of the islands, is the county seat of San Juan Co. which includes all the islands of the group. The town is situated on a beauti- ful bay and is the shipping-point for a large area of unsurpassed agricultural land. They have also one or two large salmon canneries. The islands are nearly all high and prominent and covered with a dense growth of trees, mostly fir. Mount Con- stitution on Orcus Island is the highest point. From its sum- mit, 2094 feet above the sea, is the finest view to be obtained anywhere of the great panoramic picture of Puget Sound. The 96 THE NAUTILUS. biological station is about one-quarter mile from Friday Harbor, and is under the able management of Dr. T. C. Frye. The camp is situated ona beautiful picturesque heavy-timbered slope and is one of the most healthy places in the world. The islands are a paradise for the botanist and student, as all forms of marine life is here very abundant. Students and visitors are accommodated from all over ; tent houses, cots, mattresses, and other things are furnished, all but the bedding; and one needs plenty of covering for the nights are cold. Good table board can be had at nominal rates and visitors are required to pay a small registration fee which entitles them to the use of the boats and the week-end excursions on the dredge boat to places of interest on the islands, and it is well worth the price. The ex- cursions sometimes take two days with a camp out over night, and they have bonfire chats and clambakes in the evenings. Sometimes in the main channels the tide runs swift, but in the bays and protected places and along shore it is as smooth as a mill pond. Although there is a difference of 14 feet sometimes in the tides yet it creeps in and out without a splash or a ripple. This makes it fine for shore collecting on the rocky reefs. It is the best I ever saw. The dredging was done by a small tug- boat, a shrimp dredger, and Captain Burnham understood the business thoroughly, having been 25 years on the Sound. He always knew the character of the bottom in nearly every place. We were allowed to go out on the dredge boat every day. At this we were treated especially fine, there being nobody there very much interested in shells, and often for two or three days at a time when they had no special use for the dredge they turned the boat over to us to go dredging where we pleased, an opportunity we were not slow to grasp and make good use of. And just imagine our having to sweep overboard bushels and bushels of those beautiful Chlamys hericius Gld. and hindsii Cpr. dredged in from 25 to 50 fathoms, not knowing what to do with somany. Mrs. Oldroyd worked like a beaver all the time and did not let many good things get away. The summer school lasted six weeks and a pleasanter time we never spent. The following is a list of the species we collected during the six weeks : THE NAUTILUS. 97 List oF SpEcIES COLLECTED AT FRIDAY HARBOR SUMMER SCHOOL. Nucula castrensis Hds. Nucula tenuis Mont. Leda 2 sp. Leda minuta. Leda cellulita Dall. Yoldia amygdala. Yoldia limatula Say. Yoldia thraciaeformis Storer. Yoldia ensifer Dall. Glycimeris subobsoleta Cpr. Ostrea lurida Cpr. Pecten hericius Gld. Pecten hindsii Cpr. Pecten hindsii navarchus Dall. Pecten islandicus Mill. Hinnites gigantea Gray. Pododesmus machoschisma Desh. ' Mytilus californianus Conr. Mytilus edulis Linn. Modiolus rectus Conr. Musculus laevigatus Gray. Musculus niger Gray. Crenella decussata Mont. Kennerlyia grandis Dall. Kennerlyia filosa Cpr. Entodesma saxicola Baird. Astarte willotti Dall. Astarte esquimalti Baird. Venericardia ventricosa Gld. Miodontiscus prolongatus Cpr. Thyasira barbarensis Dall. Axinopsis sericatus Cpr. Phacoides annulata Rve. Phacoides tenuisculpta Cpr. Pseudopythina rugifera Cpr. Kellia suborbicularis Mont. Cardium corbis Mart. Cardium californiense Desh. Cardium fucanum? Dall. Serripes gronlandicus Gml. Transennella tantilla. Saxidomus giganteus Desh. Saxidomus giganteus brevis? Dall. Marcia kennerlyi (Cpr.) Rve. Marcia subdiaphana Cpr. Paphia tenerrima Cpr. Paphia staminea Conr. Psephidia lordi Baird. Tellimya tumida. Tellina salmonea Cpr. Macoma inquinata Desh. Macoma balthica Linn. Macoma yoldiiformis Cpr. Macoma expansa Cpr. Macoma secta Conr. Semele rubropicta Dall. Psammobia californica Conr. Solen sicarius Gld. Mactra nasuta Gld. Spisula polynyma alaskana Dall. Schizothaerus nuttallii Conr. Mya truncata Linn. Mya arenaria Linn. Panomya sp. Saxicava arctica Linn. Mytilinaria nuttallii Conr. Hemithyris psittacea L. 98 THE NAUTILUS. Laqueus californicus Laqueus vancouverensis David. Terebratulina caputserpentis L. Terebratulina var. unguicula Cpr. Terebratalia transversa Cpr. Terebratalia transversa caurina Gld. Leptothyra carpenteri Pils. Leptothyra lurida Dall. Barleeia sp. Melanella 2 sp. Cerithiopsis sp. Odostomia 2 sp. Amalthea cranioides Cpr. Crepidula dorsata Brod. Crepidula nivea v. Crepidula adunca Sby. Tritonalia interfossa Cpr. Tritonalia lurida Midd. Bela fidicula Gld. Boreotrophon stewartii E. A. Sm. Boreotrophon tenuisculpta Cpr. Bittium esuriens Cpr. Fissuridea aspera Esch. Trichotropis cancellata Hds. Chrysodomus dirus Rve. Admete sp. Haminea virescens Sby. Chrysodomus tabulatus Baird. Purpura foliata Mart. Thais lima Mart. Thais lamellosa Thais emarginata Desh. Margarites helicina Fabr. Acmaea patina Esch. Acmaea patina pintadina. Acmaea pelta Esch. Acmaea persona digitata Esch. Acmaea mitra Esch. Lepeta concentrica Midd. Velutina prolongata Cpr. Velutina laevigata moulleri? Desh. Calyptraea mamillaris fasti- giata Gld. Littorina sitchana Phil. Littorina scutulata Gld. Puncturella cucullata Gld. Puncturella galeata Gld. Lamellaria sp. may be new. Columbella aurantica Dall. Amphissa corrugata Rve. Calliostoma annulatum Mart. Calliostoma variegatum Cpr. Calliostoma costatum Mart. Margarita pupilla Gld. Argobuccinum oregonensis Redf. Buccinum liratum. Natica pallida. Natica clausa. Lacuna 4 sp. Cancellaria modesta. Opalia sp. Olivella sp. Tornatina sp. Mopalia wossnesenskii Midd. Tonicella submarmorea. Tonicella lineata. Mopalia lignosa. Katharina tunicata. Mopalia muscosa. 20 sp. of Chitons not identified. THE NAUTILUS. 99 NOTES ON SOME HAWAIIAN SPECIES OF DRUPA AND OTHER SHELLS. BY H. A. PILSBRY AND ELIZABETH L. BRYAN. The dredging of the channel of Honolulu Harbor by the gov- ernment has brought to light many shells which were either unknown before or among the greatest rarities to Honolulu col- lections. The specimens picked up on the ‘‘dump”’ are often quite perfect, though usually somewhat faded. Part of the same species have been dredged alive by Mr. D. B. Kuhns, the senior author having received specimens though Mr. D. Tha- anum of Hilo. DRUPA WALKERAE n. sp. PI. 9 fig. 4. Honolulu Harbor, W. A. and E. L. Bryan. The shell is oblong-fusiform, very solid, the ground color light buff. It is rather weakly plicate longitudinally, the folds and valleys crossed by spiral cords, of which five on the last whorl are larger, bearing erect liver-brown spines upon the folds ; two or three small spirals are between each pair of the larger ones ; all of the cords being densely scaly, the scales weaker between the cords. On the penult whorl there are two spiral series of colored spines, and one on each of several earlier whorls. Thespine is straightly conic, the apex rather acute (not perfect in any of the speci- mens). The aperture is rather narrow, white. There is a series of about 6 teeth within the outer lip. The columella is straight, massive, excised at the canal; below the middle there are several short, transverse and inconspicuous folds. Length 25, diam. (including spines) 16 mm. (type). Length 27, diam. (including spines) 16 mm. (old specimen with worn spines). This handsome species is named for Miss Mary Walker, of Buffalo, N. Y., long an enthuisastic collector of shells. It has some resemblance to S. fragum (Blainville), but in that species the aperture is wide, there is a row of spots in place of spines below the suture, and the details of sculpture differ. S. conca- tenatum (Lam.) differs in color, in the absence of strong sub- sutural spines, the more open aperture, and details of sculpture. Both have shorter spines than the Hawaiian shell, often tubercles rather than spines. 100 THE NAUTILUS. Drupa FOLIACEA (Conrad). PI. 9, figs. 1, 2, 3. P. [urpura] foliacea Conrad. Journ. A. N. 8. Phila., vol. 7, 1837, p. 268, pl. 20, fig. 24. Atooi [= Kauai] Conrad. Kaena, Kauai and Honolulu Harbor, W. E. and E. L. Bryan. Kewalo beach, east of Hon- olulu, Pilsbry. ‘‘Sheli short fusiform, ventricose, with longi- tudinal undulations and spiral coste; whorls with crowded spiral foliated striee; labrum costate within, margin foliated ; columella with an obtuse or obsolete fold. Inhabits the Island of Atooi” (Conrad. ) We do not know that this species has been recognized hitherto, though it was quite recognizably described and figured. Tryon in Manual of Conchology, vol. 2, considered it a synonym of the very different Coralliophila bulbiformis (Conrad). It has been found in some abundance in material dredged from Hono- lulu Harbor, by Professor and Mrs. Bryan, and the senior writer picked up a living specimen on the reef at Kewalo. The shape is rather variable, as shown in the figures. The longitudinal folds, eight or ten on the last whorl, are crossed by four or five larger cords and numerous small threads. The cords and intervals are densely, minutely scaly, the whole shell being particularly rough and prickly. The shoulder is either nodular, or in some specimens spinose. There are about seven well developed teeth within the outer lip. The columella is heavy, straight, with a small, blunt, median prominence, re- calling the fold of Cymia on a small scale. The ground tint varies from light buff to pallid neutral gray, the summits of the folds and spines or tubercles being dull dark vinaceous. The aperture varies from fawn color to nearly white. Two specimens measure: Length 33.5, diam. 21.5 mm Length 28.5, diam. 21.5 mm. There is also a smal] specimen in the Bryan collection from Ocean Island, collected by Capt. J. H. Brown. FusINUS SANDVICHENSIS (Sowb.) PI. 9, fig. 8. Honolulu Harbor channel, D. Thaanum, W. A. and E. L. THE NAUTILUS. 101 Bryan ; off Honolulu in 5-8 fms., and off Waikiki in 30 fath- oms, D. B. Kuhns. The shell is white, covered with a thin, straw-yellow cuticle, and stained with russet at the tip, having a very long anterior canal, and a long spire; longitudinally folded, the folds broad, rounded, about seven on a whorl, crossed by numerous spiral cords, parted by wider, concave intervals, with weak, fine spirals over the cords and intervals. On the earlier post-nuclear whorls there are four large and one small spiral cords. The cuticle has minute, close longitudinal raised threads, which are slightly bristly at intersections of the spirals (the bristles deciduous, and mainly lost in dry shells). The aperture is short, oval, lirate within ; canal long and slender. The whorls are strongly convex. Embryonic shell of two whorls, the first bulbous, obliquely swollen, smooth, 0.7 mm. in diameter; the next whorl narrower, less convex, its last half closely costulate ; the total length of the embryonic shell is 1.1 mm. Length 71.5, diam. 19.5 mm. ; 12 whorls. Length 105, diam. 29.5 mm. ; 12 post-embryonic whorls, the apex broken. This species resembles F. turricula Kiener,’ which however has a decidedly deeper suture, and the embryonic whorl is much larger. The type was an immature but perfect shell. The larger ones, from the ‘‘dump’’ of the harbor channel, are without cuticle and apical whorls. In them the folds became shortened on the last whorl, into nodes at the shoulder. It isa handsome and graceful species. PERISTERNIA THAANUMI n. sp. Pl. 9, figs. 6, 7. Off Waikiki in 35 to 50 fathoms, D. B. Kuhns, 1916; Hono- lulu Harbor, W. A. and E. L. Bryan. The shell is fusiform, thick and solid, pecan-brown, sculpture of strong, rounded, longitudinal folds, 8 on the last whorl, con- tinuous from whorl to whorl. These are crossed by rather coarse spiral cords, of which there are four on the penult, nine or ten on the last whorl; usually a minor cord divides the intervals ; and under the lens numerous spiral and axial threads are seen, 'Tconogr. Cog. vii, p. 6, pl. 4, fig. 1. 102 THE NAUTILUS. resembling a loosely woven fabric. The aperture is somewhat oblique, contracted, obtuse posteriorly, tourmaline-pink around the lips, paler, nearly white, in the throat. The outer lip is thickened within except posteriorly where it is excavated; the thickening bearing about seven teeth, the upper ones larger. The columella has two or three blunt and low but deeply enter- ing folds. The inner lip has a thin free edge. The siphonal fasciole is deeply striate spirally. Length 21, diam. 11 mm. (type). Length 23.8, diam. 12.3 mm. (Honolulu Harbor). The specimens from the Honolulu Harbor dump, though quite perfect in appearance, are evidently bleached. The color is a handsome maize-yellow, uniform, or sometimes a shade darker on the high points of the sculpture. The aperture is pure white (fig. 6.) This species, though differing in color and sculpture, is related to P. incarnata Dh., ‘‘ Ricinula’’ pulchra Reeve, and P. caroline Kiener—species somewhat like Cantharus or Drupa. A section shows that the two columellar plaits are strong within, ascend- ing the pillar. Drupa Morus (Lam.). Pl. 9, fig. 11. Ricinula morus Lam., An. s. Vert. vii, 1822, p. 232. Encyel. Meth., pl. 395, fig. 6 a, b. Haena, Kauai, Honolulu Harbor; Mokumanu, off Mokapuu Point, and Kainalu, Oahu. The specimens from the harbor are rather small, length up to about 16-18 mm., but otherwise they appear typical. A speci- men from Kainalu is 22 mm. long. Lamarck referred to ex- cellent figures in the Encycl. Methodique, but also to Lister, 954: 4, 5, and Martini III, 101: 970; both are dubious and in- conclusive illustrations, which served as the sole basis of Drupa uva Bolten, Mus. Bolt., p. 56, no. 703. They look more like some forms of D. tuberculata than like morus; and we prefer to use the positively identified name. The common Hawaiian species of the genus is Drupa tuber- culata (Blainv.), which the authors have from various places in Kauai, Oahu, Molokai, and on Molokini. It occurs at low tide, and may be picked up on any reef or rocky shore (pl. 9, fig. 10.) THE NAUTILUS. 103 LIST OF SHELLS COLLECTED AT ANAHEIM BAY AND VICINITY. BY E. P. CHACE, COLLECTED IN THE Bay. Acanthina spirata, Blainville. Alectrion fossata, Gld. Alectrion mendica Fbs. Alectrion perpinguis, Gld. Arcularia tegula, Rve. Bullaria gouldiana, Pils. Calliostoma gemulatum, Cpr. Calliostoma tricolor, Gabb. Cerithidea californica, Hald. Cerithiopsis carpenteri, Bartsch Cerithiopsis pedroana, Bartsch. Columbella gausapata, Gld. Columbella gausapata carinata, Hds. cooper, Conus californicus, Hds. Crepidula onyx rugosa, Nutt. Crucibulum spinosum, Sby. Haminea vesicula, Gld. Littorina scutulata, Gld. Lucapina crenulata, Sby. Lucapinella calliomarginata, Cpr. Melampus olivaceus, Cpr. Olivella biplicata, Sby. Olivella pedroana, Cpr. Phasianella compta, Gld. Polynices lewisii, Gld. Polynices recluziana, Desh. Cardium quadragenarum, Conr. Cardium substriatum, Conr. Chione fluctifragra, Sby. Chione succincta, Val. Chione undatella, Sby. Cooperella subdiaphana, Cpr. Diplodonta orbella, Gld. Donax californica, Conr. Heterodonax bimaculatus, D’ Orb. Macoma indentata, Cpr. Macoma nasuta, Conr. Mactra californica, Conr. Modiolus capax, Conr. Ostraea lurida rufoides, Cpr. Paphia staminea, Conr. Paphia staminea laciniata, Cpr. Pecten circularis aequisulcatus, Cpr. Petricola denticulata, Sby. Pholas pacifica, Stearns. Platyodon cancellatus, Conr. Psammobia californica. Sanguinolaria nuttallii, Conr. Saxidomus nuttallii, Conr. Schizothaerus nuttallii, Conr. Tagelus californianus, Conr. Tagelus californianus subteres, Conr. Tellina carpenteri, Dall. Zirfaea gabbi, Tryon. 104 THE NAUTILUS. COLLECTED ON THE SANDBARS AND BEACH NEAR THE ENTRANCE OF THE Bay. Bursa californica. Donax levigata, Desh. Murex festivus, Hds. ALIVE. Tivela crassatelloides, Conr. Turris ophioderma, Dall. WASHED UP ON THE BreAcH AFTER Storms, ALIVE OR Very FREsH. Amiantis callosa, Conr. Chama exogyra, Conr. Chama pellucida, Sby. Cryptomya californica, Conr. Glottidea albida, Hds. Macoma secta, Conr. Mactra hemphilli, Dall. Mactra planulata. Metis alta, Conr. Modiolus flabellatus, Gld. Modiolus rectus, Conr. Paphia tenerrima, Cpr. Periploma discus, Stearns. Periploma planiuscula, Sby. Siliqua lucida, Conr. Solen rosaceus, Cpr. DEAD SHELLS COLLECTED ON THE BEACH. Bathytoma tryoniana. Dentalium $neohexagonum, Bom PB. Epitonium hindsii, Cpr. Sinum debilis, Gld. Turritella cooperi, Cpr. Anomia — peruviana, valves). (upper | Labiosa undulata, Gld. (broken valves). Mactra catilliformis, Conr. Panopea generosa, Gld. Pecten giganteus, Gray. Thracia plicata. Yoldia cooperi, Gabb. (valves only). COLLECTED ON THE PILES OF THE BRIDGE ACROSS THE ENTRANCE ; OF THE Bay. Acmaea patina, Esch. Acmaea persona, Esch. Littorina planaxis, Nutt. Littorina scutulata, Gld. Cypraea spadicea, Gray. (1 only). Lasaea rubra, Mont. Myrina diegensis, Dall. Mytilus californianus, Conr. Occasionally a rock washes in on the beach containing some Lithophagus plumula, Cpr. and Kellia laperousii, Desh., and the kelp brings in Acmaea incessa, Hds. Eulima (species unde- termined) has been found in a kelp holdfast and a dead Poly- THE NAUTILUS. 105 © nices lewisii with 7 Crepidula excavata Brod. on it washed in after a storm. The territory covered by this list is quite limited. It includes about 2 miles of shore along the Bay and a short distance along the ocean-front on either side of the narrow entrance of the Bay. A total distance of 3 miles of shore. All the species listed have been collected within the last three years, most of them by Mrs. Chace and myself. A few were collected by Mrs. J. E. Herbst, Mr. Valentine Herbst and Mr. Otto Kiem of Seal Beach. A HOME MADE VIVARIUM. BY LILLIAN DYER THOMPSON. I am having such success with a vivarium which I made that I thought perhaps some other conchologists might like to make some so that they, too, could study more closely the living animal, and become acquainted with the way they eat, walk, build their shells, ete. I first bought a large roasting pan and a smaller pan that was as long as the other wide. These cost me twenty cents. Then I had a box made that the bigger pan would snugly fit and had it made six inches deep. The cover was of a fine-meshed wire netting fastened to a hinged frame. The box, of 2” spruce stock, was made at odd moments and cost me twenty-five cents. In one or two places, where the larger pan did not fit the case, I stuffed the cracks with wadded paper. Then I put the smaller pan across one end of the larger and filled any cracks with moss and earth. I put a tuft of grass (which I shall supplant with a fresh- water alga soon) and a dead Busycon shell that I had washed to remove all traces of salt, which I have been told is injurious to snails. I then partially filled the pan with water, and my little fresh-water pond was ready for occupancy. The remainder of the larger pan I filled with moss and bunches of grass containing growing plantain (of which the snails are very fond). As some snails love to hide under dead leaves, | put some in for them, and I also put in a stick that 106 THE NAUTILUS. formed a stairway from the moss to the cover. I knew that the snails would want some lime to aid them in constructing shell- forming material, so I put in a Modiola after I had washed it. I gave them corn meal on half a scallop shell and put a Polynices shell full of water beside it, sinking the shell into the earth until the lip was level with the surface. The snails are very fond of corn meal; they also relish lettuce and cabbage leaves, green grass, plantain, and all succulent weeds. As I live in Cambridge, Mass., where limestone formations are scarce, I have had largely to depend upon the kindness of others for my pets. As I have received quite a few specimens through the mail, I thought others might want to do the same ; so will, in as few words as possible, tell how mine were sent. Some came way from California in a tin box, with a little grass. As they could not get much air, they built epiphragms over the apertures, which they broke down soon after they were put in the vivarium. The majority were sent with a little grass or lettuce in pasteboard or wooden boxes (which are the only things to send specimens in, as they can breathe freely). In closing, I shall give a list of species that I now have in my vivarium, with the localities. Those with the asterisk (*) | have raised families since they came. Lymnaea palustris Mull, from Livingston Co., Michigan. Campeloma decisum Say *, from Shawsheen River, Bedford, Mass. Physa heterostropha Say *, from Shawsheen River, Bedford, Mass: Planorbis antrosus Conrad *, Shawsheen River, Bedford, Mass. Succinea ovalis Say *, Waverly, Mass. Epiphragmophora tudiculata Binn, near Los Angeles, Cal. Polygyra tridentata Say, Livingston Co., Mich., and New York City. Polygyra thyroides Say, Livingston Co., Mich., and Upper Montclair, N. J. Polygyra multilineata Say, Livingston Co., Mich. Polygyra monodon Rach., Livingston Co., Mich. Polygyra albolabris, Blue Hills, Mass. Polygyra thyroides Say, Middlesex Fells, Melrose, Mass. Zonitoides arboreus Say, Middlesex Fells, Melrose, Mass. THE NAUTILUS. 107 NOTES. HELIX NEMORALIS IN KNOXVILLE, TENN. : One day, while play- ing in an alley the two small sons of Prof. J. F. Voorhees, in charge of the U.S. Weather Bureau here, found some handsome snails crawling on a brick wall, and knowing that I was making a special study of the fauna of this vicinity, brought some of them to me. I had never seen any like them in the State, and sent some of them to Mr. Bryant Walker of Detroit for identification. He pronounced them the European species Helix nemoralis Linné. He said this was the first authentic colony reported to him West of the Alleghany Mountains. He suggested it would be interesting if I could trace out how they came to be here, and send an account to the Editor of the Navtitus, as the readers of the NautiLus would be interested to know that such a colony existed here in Knoxville, Tennessee. I made investigations, and found that the wife of Prof. Chas. C. Ross connected with the University of Tennessee brought them here. Mrs. Ross says that eight years ago she went to visit the graves of her grandfather and grandmother who were buried in the cemetery at Lexington, Va. As she approached the tomb- stones she noticed they looked spotted, as if boys had marked or defaced them, but upon a nearer approach found the peculiar appearance was due to the presence of numbers of H. nemoralis crawling upon the face of the stones. When Mrs. Ross came away she dug up and brought with her some of the vines and shrubs, being careful to bring with them some of the beautiful shells. She transplanted the plants in the rear of the yard, and now after 8 years, amongst dense growths of English Ivy, and on adjoining trees and other shrubbery, this colony has become thoroughly acclimated and is thriving magnificently. Mrs. Ross met the person who originally brought them from Italy to Lexington, Virginia. —Manty D. BarBer. VIVIPARUS MALLEATUS AND CONTECTOIDES IN MASSACHUSETTS: Eight fresh specimens, one with the operculum in place, were 108 THE NAUTILUS. collected by Mr. C. H. Rowe, in Lake Quinsigamond, near Worcester, Sept. 29, 1917. Whether these represent a recent introduction he could not ascertain. The Boston colony re- ferred to in THe Nautiuus, Vol. 29, p. 36 and Vol. 30, p. 48, still exists. The colony of V. contectoides in the Public Garden, Boston, mentioned in THe Navuriius, Vol. 30, p. 72, has in- creased greatly during the summer, nothwithstanding that the lake was drained for a short time in the early spring. —C. W. JoHNson,. PoLYGYRA ALBOLABRIS MARITIMA IN MAssacuusEtTts. Several years ago, when I was at Wood’s Hole, Mr. V. Edwards de- scribed to me some snails which he had seen on Ram Island, off that coast, I thought he had found H. hortensis, and expressed a wish to visit the colony. He kindly took me to the place, and instead of H. hortensis, we found Polygyra albolabris, of a small greenish variety according well with my recollection of var. mari- tima, which Dr. Pilsbry showed me years before in the collection at Philadelphia. I think we may refer the shells to that variety or race, which is not cited in Mr. Johnson’s list of New England Mollusca.—T. D. A. CocKERELL. [I can confirm the identification from specimens sent by Prof. Cockerell.—H. A. Piissry]. PUBLICATIONS RECEIVED. THE CALIFORNIAN LAND SHELLS OF THE EPIPHRAGMOPHORA TRASKII GRouP. By Paul Bartsch (Proc. U. S. Nat. Museum vol. 51, pp. 609-619, plates 114-117). This species and its allies have not been well understood. Numerous forms of the group had been named by Hemphill and others, without de- scriptions. Dr. Bartsch therefore undertook a revision, utiliz- ing the considerable material contained in the National Museum and the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, with a few specimens from other sources. Descriptions are given of— E. cayamacensis n. sp. with the new subspecies avus and venturensis. E. traskii (Newe.) with subsp. tularica new, zechae Pils. proles, coronadoensis, coelata and phlyctaena, new, carpenteri (Newc. ) As synonyms under £. traskii traskii, Dr. Bartsch places Hemphill’s undescribed varieties major, verna and saucius, and Epi. petricola Berry. All of the species and races are figured. This revision should lead to a further increase in our knowl- edge of these difficult Helices, as conchologists collecting in southern California can now identify their finds.—H. A. P. THE NAUTILUS. VoL. XXXI. APRIL, 1918. No. 4 THE MOLLUSCA OF CLARK COUNTY, ARKANSAS. BY REV. H. E. WHEELER, CONWAY, ARK. Clark County lies in the south-central portion of the state of Arkansas and has an area of 875 square miles and a popula- tion of about 25,000. About one-third of the county—the southeastern section—is of tertiary and quarternary age. The northwestern third of the county forms a part of the southern exposure of a vast carboniferous area in the state which is gen- erally referred to the Mississippian sub-division, and consists of non-coalbearing sandstones and shales lying above the Bates- ville sandstones. Between these formations lies a wedge-shaped section of cretaceous marls and clays, which form the eastern boundary of these limited rocks in the state. The alluvial lowlands of southeastern Arkansas are developing a prosperous agriculture, cotton and corn being naturally the most prolific crops, but rice is now being successfully cultivated. The county does not extend into the mountainous paleozoic region, and hence cannot boast any elevations of consequence. The general course of the streams in the county is from northwest to southeast. The Antoine and Little Missouri rivers form the western and southern boundaries of the county, while the Caddo river crosses the county along its northern boundary, emptying into the Ouachita river some five miles above Arka- delphia. The latter river rises in the mountains of Polk County and throughout its tortuous course of several hundred miles is one of the most beautiful watercourses in the entire southwest. It passes through the eastern extension of the county, but con- 110 THE NAUTILUS. stitutes, in part, the natural boundary between the counties of Dallas and Clark. The Terra Noire creek is an intra-county stream flowing in a southeasterly course and dividing the county into two nearly equal parts. Several smaller creeks supply this vigorous stream from either side. Little Deceiper rc aco | a 7 pe oak) Om SORERS Reena | Pra mt Lson) \Arkoaet ph 3X MAP oF Clark County ARK Showing Preimerpal Streams creek is a small tributary of the Big Deceiper, and the latter creek flows in parallel direction with the Terra Noire, emptying into the Ouachita at the lower end of the county. This whole section, then, is furnished with a most complete drainage system, and the streams in question are not less inviting oppor- tunities for an earnest and patient collector. Practically no THE NAUTILUS. 111 work, however, has been done in the Antoine or Little Mis- souri rivers, while the Caddo and the upper Ouachita are al- most unknown to the malacologist, and promise generous re- muneration to whomsoever first will require their secrets. Although something like fifty species have been described from Arkansas,* and the mountainous regions of northern, cen- tral and western Arkansas have heen often visited by concholo- gists, the fauna of the low-lands, particularly the Unione fauna, of the lower courses of all rivers, is practically unknown. Be- fore a satisfactory catalogue of the Mollusca of the state can be written, not less than forty counties call for a conchological survey.’ A three year’s pastorate in Arkadelphia,’ the capital of Clark County, gave the writer frequent opportunities for collecting the mussels of Ouachita river and such land, and fresh-water snails as were to be had. Through the kindness of Mr. George H. Clapp the identification of the land shells has been made nearly complete, and he has determined all of the rarer forms here listed. Dr. A. E. Ortmann and Mr. L. S. Frierson have been very generous in the help given on the Unios, but for the most part this is the result of much patient study on the part of Dr. Bryant Walker. Most of the specimens on which the determination of the Unionidx depended are now in the Walker collection. The country around Arkadelphia would be quite discouraging ! The richness of the Arkansas fauna is well indicated by a,comparison of species described from this state and those described from the adjoining state, Missouri, portions of each being included in the Ozarkian uplift. Exclusive of the Unionidae, thirty-four species have been described from Arkansas, twenty-three of which are land snails, From Missouri nine species and var- ieties are listed, all of which with one exception, are fresh-water forms. Consult : Simpson, “ A Preliminary List of the Mollusca of Missouri,’ Proc. Acad. Scien. St. Louis, Vol. XXII, No. 8, p. 68, and Pilsbry’s Note in the Navtitus, Vol. XXVIII, p. 12. This is especially significant in view of the fact that the State of Missouri has been favored with the residence of faithful and efficient conchologists, among whom may be mentioned Mr. Sampson, and more recently Professor Utterback. 2From November 1910 to December 1913. 112 THE NAUTILUS. to a casual collector. The swamps and ‘‘cray-fish land’’ offer little attraction to ambitious snails, and even the hill country has not yet organized a molluscan colonization bureau. In the cretaceous limestones of the central area the conditions are a little more promising. The entire portion of the County lying east of the Ouachita river is typical tertiary soil, but there are no exposures of strata in these lowlands, and fossils are to be secured only from occasional well borings. Since there are many creeks and bayous the collector would expect a few colonies of Sphaertide, or at least a larger list of the Lymnaeide. As will be seen, however, the Unios fully make up for any disappointment on this score. Not only are there many species and varieties, but specimens in finer condition could not be desired. The mussel beds of the Ouachita river, while worked to some extent for pearls, have not been found profit- able, and button factories are too far away to make the expor- tation of shells for commercial purposes practicable. From the mouth of the Caddo river (five miles above Arkadelphia), the Ouachita abounds in mussel ‘‘ beds’’ throughout the rest of its course, and the accessible and prolific breeding ‘‘ bars’’ are less disturbed than is usually found in the experience of the uniol- ogist. Arkadelphia was at one time the head of navigation, but steamers now seldom ascend the river above Camden. ‘‘Old River,’’ the type locality of the genus Arkansia, is really an ‘‘ox-bow’’ lake, a former channel of the Ouachita, and it is still connected with it by a small creek which does not appear to dry up in summer. Its mouth is about two miles north of Arkadelphia on the left bank, almost lost in a rather dense and difficultly passable swamp. Here, and for a mile or more up stream, Old River is deep and rather wide, with a very sluggish current. In this habitat are found very large speci- mens of Anodonta suborbiculata Say, which are of great beauty, and the largest specimens of Arkansia wheeleri Walker and Ort- mann. One of the latter measured 109.25 by 87 by 58 mm. In the summer ‘‘ Half-Moon Lake,’’ the upper channel of Old River, is set off by the subsidence of water on the sand bars, and through the narrow creek which connects it with its lower course it is quite impossible to navigate even a small canoe. aes THE NAUTILUS. 113 Young Arkansia are found in the shallow waters both on the sand bars and muddy bottoms, but like other anodontine species they prefer the oozy mud of the river margins where there is little or no current. So far, the most patient effort to secure gravid females of this new genus has not been successful, the breeding season being winter, and the localities just described being almost inaccessible at this season. Mr. Sampson in his ‘‘ Preliminary Report of the Mollusca of Arkansas,’’ ' enumerates twelve species of mollusks collected in Clark County. Five of these I have not been able to verify, namely: Physa gyrina (Say), which is possibly the same as Physa anatina of my list, Campeloma subsolidum (Anth.) which is certainly what is now described by Walker as Campeloma lewisii, Pleurocera subulare (Lea) which may be Pleurocera ele- vatum (Say), Plewrocera canaliculatum (Say), and Goniobasis lawrencei Lea. Mr. Call in his ‘‘Study of the Unionide of Arkansas,’’’ reports three species from the Ouachita collected in Clark County, namely: Unio parvus Barnes, Unio subrostratus Say, and Unio tumescens Lea. What Professor Call took to be twmescens is very likely a juvenile Fusconaia wndata (Barnes). Many shells collected in late summer have a clear ‘‘ honey yellow color,’’ and they are ‘‘ abundantly rayed over the entire surface,’’ just as he describes the so-called twmescens. Lea was surely mistaken in the locality given for his type specimen, for the species belongs to the Tennessee drainage, and has not been found, so far as I am aware, west of the Mississippi River. The Arkansas range of this species is also questioned by Dr. Walker in Simpson’s ‘‘ Catalogue of the Naiades.’’ * Annotated List of Species. Carychium exile H. C. Lea, Collected in one place only, a marshy pasture along Mill Creek, an insignificant stream just North of Arkadelphia. Lymnea columella Say. Ouachita River under the Railroad ‘In Annual Report of the Geological Survey of Arkansas for 1891, Vol. II, pp. 179-199. ? Transactions Acad. Scien., St. Louis, 1895, pp. 1-65, Plates I-X XI. 5See in loco, p. 751. 114 THE NAUTILUS. bridge at Arkadelphia; also Caddo River near County bridge five miles North of Arkadelphia. Lymnea humilis modicella Say. Found in the environs of Arkadelphia; in Mill Creek; rarely in the Ouachita River mar- gins. Rare! Planorbis trivolvis Say. Ouachita River, Old River, and Big Deceiper Lake, nine miles south of Arkadelphia. Planorbis dilatatus Gould. Ouachita and Old Rivers. There are possibly two forms in this lot. Planorbis sampsoni (Ancey). Clear Lake, two miles east of Arkadelphia, and ponds south of Arkadelphia (young shells only). This species seems to be exceedingly perishable. Ancylus kirklandi Walker. Caddo River (common) Clear Lake. Ancylus walkeri Pilsbry and Ferriss. Ouachita River at Ark- adelphia. Very rare. Ancylus sp.? Ouachita River near Arkadelphia. Physa anatina Lea. Mill Creek, ponds south of Arkadelphia, and Big Deceiper Creek at Gum Springs, six miles south of Arkadelphia. Physa sp.? Clear Lake east of Arkadelphia. Strobilops labyrinthica (Say). Arkadelphia. Everywhere common in suitable localities. Strobilops labyrinthica texasiana Pilsbry and Ferriss. Arkadel- phia. Not uncommonly there is found what seems to be a hybrid between this variety and the species proper. _ Strobilops virgo (Pils). Arkadelphia, but found also in the bordering county of Grant. Pupoides marginatus (Say). Arkade]phia. Gastrocopta contracta (Say). Arkadelphia. Gastrocopta contracta climeana Van. Arkadelphia, very rare. Gastrocopta pentodon (Say). Arkadelphia. Gastrocopta tappaniana (C. B. Ads). Arkadelphia. Col- lected also in adjacent counties north and east of Clark. Succinea avara Say. Environs of Arkadelphia, not common. Omphalina friabilis (W. G. Binn.). Arkadelphia. Very rare ! Vitrea indentata (Say). Arkadelphia ; Gurdon. 7 7 ) THE NAUTILUS. 115 Vitrea radiatula circumstriata Taylor. Arkadelphia. Quite rare, generally associated with arborea. Vitrea (Paravitrea) significans (Bland). West of Arkadelphia in the foothills. Rare! Vitrea wheatleyi (Bland)? Arkadelphia. This species, which cannot be placed anywhere else among the Zonitide collected, is either wheatleyi, or a variety of it. . Euconulus chersinus trochulus (Rein.). Arkadelphia. Fairly common. Euconulus chersinus polygyratus (Pils.)? Arkadelphia. Zonitoides arborea (Say). Arkadelphia; also along Little Deceiper Creek, and at Gurdon. Generally distributed. Zonitoides (Pseudohyalina) minuscula (Binney). Arkadelphia. Gastrodonta demissa brittsi (Pils.). In the hills five miles northwest of Arkadelphia. Smaller than typical bdrittst, and rare. Pyramidula alternata (Say). Arkadelphia, Gurdon, Whelen, and six miles east of Whelen in the southeast end of the County. Helicodiscus parallelus (Say). Arkadelphia, west of the town near Little Deceiper Creek. Very rare! Circinaria concava (Say). Limestone region west of Arka- delphia, and ‘‘ Big Bluff’’ on the Ouachita River, two miles north of Arkadelphia. Polygyra leporina Gould. Arkadelphia and Gurdon. Com- mon in most of the low lands. Polygyra dorfeuilliana Lea. In low hills west of Arkadelphia, Gurdon. Rare! Nearly always found under small pieces of bark, seldom under logs and stones. Polygyra inflecta (Say). Arkadelphia, Gurdon, Whelen, and southeastern corner of the County. Polygyra albolabris (Say). Arkadelphia. Rare! This does not appear to be the variety alleni Wetherby, to which all of the shells of this type west of the Mississippi River have been referred. Polygyra divesta (Gould). Arkadelphia, Crawford’s Mill on Big Deceiper Creek, Gurdon. Polygyra zaleta (Binney). Woods west of Arkadelphia. Rare! 116 THE NAUTILUS. Polygyra obstricta carolinensis (Lea). Typical shells collected in heavy woods along the Little Missouri River in the southeast corner of the County. Here there is much cypress. Clark County corners at the confluence of the Little Missouri and the Ouachita rivers, the former making the southern and the latter the eastern boundary line. Polygyra clausa (Say). Arkadelphia. Generally distributed. The commonest of the Helices in all this region! Polygyra stenotrema (‘‘ Fer.’’ Pfr.). Arkadelphia and Craw- ford’s Mill on Big Deceiper Creek. Polygyra monodon (Rack) var. Whelen and southeast corner of the County. Polygyra fraterna aliciz (Pils.). Crawford’s Mill on Big Deceiper Creek. Bulimulus sp.? Fragments of a Bulimulus were collected in the hills west of Arkadelphia. It is probably dealbatus (Say). Amnicola cincinnatiensis (Anth.). Big Deceiper Creek at Gum Springs. Somatogyrus wheeleri Walker. Ouachita River, type locality, under railroad bridge, Arkadelphia. Rare. Somatogyrus amnicoloides Walker. Ouachita River, type local- ity, under railroad bridge, Arkadelphia. Rare. Campeloma lewisti Walker." Ouachita and Old Rivers, Arka- delphia, very common; Big Deceiper Lake, nine miles south of Arkadelphia; Caddo River. [Pleurocera canaliculata Say]. Reported by Sampson on authority of Call from the Ouachita River in Clark County. Not found. Pleurocera elevatum (Say). Ouachita, Caddo and Old Rivers near Arkadelphia; Big Deceiper Lake. [ Pleurocera subulare (Lea)],’ reported from Clark County, Ouachita River, by Call in Sampson,* was not located. Pos- sibly young elevata were mistaken for this species. 1 Vide, Nautitus, Vol, XXVIII, pp. 126, 127. * Vide Navutitus, Vol, XXX, pp. 122-124, On “ Pleurocera subulare, Lee,’ by Calvin Goodrich. ’See “Preliminary List of the Mollusca of Arkansas,’’ Geol. Surv. of Ark., 1891, Vol. II, p. 197. THE NAUTILUS. LY Goniobasis plebeius (Anth).'| Ouachita and Caddo Rivers, Arkadelphia. Very common. Goniobasis lawrencei (Lea), described from the Ouachita River in Garland County, was not found. Search was made for it in the Ouachita River at Cove Creek station, Het Springs County, near the boundary of Garland County, about twelve miles east of Hot Springs, but without success. Helicina orbiculata Say. Dead shells only were collected from creek and river drift at Arkadelphia, these being evidently brought down from the limestone hills in the western part of the County. Lampsilis ventricosa satur (Lea). Ouachita River below Ark- adelphia and at Skillern’s Shoals; Old River. In form it is closely related to excavatus. Specimens from the Ouachita are ‘gorgeously appareled’’, some of a deep solid yellow color, others with varying and elaborate patterns of green. Lampsilis hydiana (Lea). The Southern form of luteola, com- mon in all the rivers, and also in Big Deceiper Creek on the Huie farm and at Gum Springs; also in Salt Bayou east of Arkadelphia. Lampsilis orbiculata (Hild). Old River. This species is ad- mitted to the list on the authority of Dr. Ortmann. In a letter dated June 5, 1911, Dr. Ortmann writes: ‘‘Among the Lamp- silis ventricosa satur was one individual (female, sterile) which I must regard as Lampsilis orbiculata (Hildreth). This species also is not listed from your region. The specimen agrees in shape etc. completely with the Ohio forms of orbiculata, only the color is not quite typical.’? Again on June 19, 1911: ‘‘And there is [among the shells received] a fine typical male of Lampsilis orbiculata, preserving even the characteristic pink stain of the nacre.’’? If orbiculata and ligamentina gibba are so similar as to make differentiation difficult as is stated by Wilson and Clark,? then our Ouachita specimens are not this species. 1 Vide Proc. Ac. Nat. Se., Phila., 1900, pp. 458, 459. Both elevatwm and plebeius are here figured. 2See ‘‘ The Mussels of the Cumberland River and Its Tributaries ”, Bureau Fisheries, Doc. No. 781, p. 49. 118 THE NAUTILUS. Lampsilis higginsi (Lea). A fine typical series of this species was collected from the Ouachita River below Arkadelphia, at Skillern’s Shoals, and also in Old River. Lamsilis higginsi grandis Simpson. Old River. These shells are larger and /ess inflated than typical higginsi. The feeble pos- terior ridge, high beaks, shining surface, and the absence of growth ridges make the identification satisfactory.’ Lampsilis (Nephronaias) ligamentina (Lam.). Everywhere common in the Ouachita and Old Rivers. The common ‘“mucket’’ of the pearlers. Lampsilis fallasiosa (Smith) Simpson. A common species collected in the Ouachita River, Old River, and Terra Noire Creek. The validity of this species as distinct from anodontoides Lea presents no difficulty to one who has a series of shells from Arkansas localities to compare with those from regions further North. Consult Simpson’s diagnosis in his ‘‘ Descriptive Catalogue.’’ Eurynia recta (Lam.). Ouachita and Old Rivers. Eurynia subrostrata (Say). Though not common this species has been found in Ouachita and Old Rivers, Big Deceiper Creek at Gum Springs, Big Deceiper Lake, and a few ‘‘sloughs’”’ south of Arkadelphia. Micromya lienosa (Con). Ouachita and Old Rivers. Rare. Micromya lienosa nigerrima (Lea). Common in both Ouachita and Old Rivers, Big Deceiper Creek at Gum Springs, and Caddo River. The nacre is white, and the epidermis a lead- black, unpolished. Eurynia (Micromya) arkansasensis (Lea). On July 28, 1918, two females from the Ouachita River south of Arkadelphia were sent to Dr. Ortmann, who reported: ‘‘I think here we have arkansasensis again! These agree rather well with females re- ceived previously (from you) from Saline River, Benton.’’ The species is smaller than lienosa, lighter in color, and with a silvery nacre. Of the arkansasensis collected from the Saline River on July 13, 1911, of which there were four males and two females, Ortmann says: ‘‘ Here it is! The males, although ‘See ‘* Descriptive Catalogue of the Naiades,’’ Simpson, p. 78. THE NAUTILUS. 119 slightly differing from one another, agree well with Lea’s orig- inal figure. The female has never been figured. According to these specimens, the species would be an Eurynia, subgenus Micromya, but the papille of the mantle margin are very poorly developed. They may be larger in gravid females.’”’ With this identification Dr. Walker is satisfied. See Nauriius, vol. XXX, p. 54. Carunculina texasensis (Lea). Ouachita and Old Rivers; Terra Noire Creek; Caddo River; Big Deceiper Lake. Common. Carunculina parva (Bar.) Ouachita and Old rivers; Caddo River; Terra Noire Creek at Mount Zion; Big Deceiper creek at Gum Springs; Big Deceiper Lake. The shells from the last named locality are different from the usual form, but are not ‘*corvinus,’’ as at first supposed. Carunculina glans (Lea). Ouachita and Old rivers; Terra ereek at Mt. Zion; Caddo River near Arkadelphia. Rare. These shells have an unusual cream-colored nacre, but in other respects are entirely typical. Carunculina cromwellii (Lea). Big Deceiper creek, Gum Springs; Big Deceiper Lake; Terra Noire Creek; Caddo River, near Arkadelphia. The beak sculpture agrees exactly with cromwellii, and the identification is well confirmed. The beaks are unusually perfect. ‘‘This is another example of the re- markably close relationship that exists, without as yet a suffi- cient explanation, between the fauna of Arkansas and Ala- bama.’’? Walker in letter. Proptera purpurata (Lam.). Ouachita and Old River. Com- mon. See Ortmann, Ann. Car. Mus., VIII, 1912, p. 334. Paraptera gracilis (Bar. ). Ouachita River below Arkadelphia, and Skillern’s Shoals; Old River. See Ortmann, Ann. Car. Mus., VIII, 1912, p. 331. Lampsilis leptodon Raf. A rare shell collected only at Skil- lern’s shoals and in one place below Arkadelphia. So far we have been unable to secure gravid females. This species de- lights in burrowing under sharp and rather heavy rocks in the swiftest part of the current, and it is with difficulty that any specimens are secured. Obovaria castanea (Lea). Ouachita River below Arkadelphia, 120 THE NAUTILUS. Skillern’s Shoals and Old River. This species and Nephronaias ligamentina are the most prolific shells in the river. The epi- dermis of castanea is a most beautiful silken black, sometimes with a deep purple bloom, but young shells are yellowish brown and frequently rayed ! Amygdalonaias securis (Lea). Ouachita River below Arka- delphia, Skillern’s Shoals, and Old River. This is considered a pearl shell. Very fine specimens are from Old River. Amygdalonaias elegans (Lea). Ouachita River below Arka- delphia, Skillern’s Shoals, and Old River. Quite common. Amygdalonaias donaciformis (Lea). Found only in one bed below Arkadelphia and in the swift current at Skillern’s Shoals. Later at Old River. Tritogonia tuberculata (Barnes). Ouachita River, Skillern’s Shoals and below Arkadelphia; Old River; Terra Noire creek. The river specimens are much inferior in size to those collected in the Tennessee drainage. Tritogonia nobilis (Con.). Old River. Rare! Simpson now places this species as given. Cyprogenia aberti (Con.). Ouachita River, Skillern’s Shoals, and in many beds below Arkadelphia. Specimens are not as large as typical aberti, and may eventually be referred to the variety lamarckiana Lea. Cyprogenia aberti lamarckiana (Lea). Ouachita River, Arka- delphia. This was also collected in the Caddo River in Mont- gomery County. Obliquaria reflexa Raf. Ouachita River below Arkadelphia, Skillern’s Shoals, Old River. The young are, in these locali- ties, beautifully sculptured. Ptychobranchus phaseolus (Hild). Ouachita River, Arkadel- phia, and Skillern’s Shoals; Old River. It is fairly common on the rocky shoals, sometimes on the sand bars. There seems to be no dividing line between this species and its variety clinton- ense, Simp. Ptychobranchus clintonense Simp. Ouachita River above and below Arkadelphia, but not in Old River. Typical specimens with wavy lines are more common at Skillern’s shoals. Dr. Walker is disposed to refer all Ouachita forms to clintonense. THE NAUTILUS. 121 Strophitus edentulus (Say). Ouachita River and Old River. In the latter locality specimens are quite thick and heavy. Anodonta imbecilis Say. Ouachita River, Arkadelphia, Old River, and Deceiper Creek and Gum Springs. Common. Anodonta suborbiculata Say. From Old River only. The young are perfect and most beautifully rayed. In the lower channel of the ‘‘river’’ they attain an unusual size. Anodonta grandis leonensis (Lea). Ouachita River, Arkadel- phia, and Old River. One must go deep in the mud for these fine shells but they are fairly common. Anodonta virens Lea, var. Ouachita River and Old River, Arkadelphia. Distinguished from Jeonensis by having much higher and more prominent beaks, and by being less elongated. Arkansia wheeleri, Walker and Ortmann. Old River and (rarely) Ouachita River below Arkadelphia. This is likely to remain one of the rarest of Unios. The nacre of this species is one of its most attractive characteristics. In young shells the entire margin is widely bordered with a rich salmon, in most adults it is a warm cream color, while in some specimens it is an opalescent blue. In very young specimens the plications are sometimes entirely wanting, but it could not be mistaken, even then, for any other species. Pearlers sometimes open this shell mistaking it for Quadrula pustulosa (Lea). Symphynota costata (Raf.). Ouachita and Old Rivers, but very rare indeed. This species is quite common, however, in the Saline River (at Benton), and it has been a surprise not to find it more abundant in the Ouachita. It is also common in the Caddo far up in Montgomery County. Symphynota complanata (Bar.). One specimen only was col- lected in 1913 in the Ouachita River below Arkadelphia. This and Cumberlandia monodonta (Say) remain the rarest of all the Unios in this region. Cumberlandia monodonta (Say). Ouachita River above Skil- lern’s Shoals, Arkadelphia. This record extends the range of this species much further to the southwest than was to be ex- pected, for heretofore it has not been known west of the Missis- sippi south of Iowa! A full discussion of the distribution will be found in Walker’s ‘‘ Distribution of Margaritana margaritifera 122 THE NAUTILUS. in North America’’, Proc. Mal. Soc., IX, June 1910, pp. 137- 139; and in ‘‘ Notes on the Distribution of Margaritana mono- donta (Say)’’, Navuritus, Vol. XXV, pp. 57, 58. For the generic data consult Ortmann, ‘‘Cumberlandia, a New Genus of Naiades’’, Nauritus, Vol. XXVI, pp. 13, 14, where this species is made the type of the genus. Alasmidonta marginata Say. Ouachita River below Arkadel- phia; Skillern’s Shoals; Old River. This is also a rare species in this region. Unio gibbosus subgibbosus (Lea). Ouachita River, Arkadelphia and Skillern’s Shoals; Old River. All specimens collected have given to this variety, though some approach very closely Simp- son’s delicatus. Uniomerus tetralasmus (Say). In ‘‘sloughs’’ and shallow ponds near Arkadelphia, and in Big Deceiper Creek at Gum Springs. Not found in any of the larger streams. It is common in Malvern Creek, at Malvern, Hot Springs County. Pleurobema pyramidata (Lea). Ouachita River, Arkadelphia, and Skillern’s Shoals; Old River. Common, attaining, in quiet waters, a splendid development. Pleurobema friersoni (B. H. Wright). Ouachita River, Arka- delphia and Skillern’s Shoals; Old River. The nacre of these shells is often a beautiful rose or pink, but more commonly white. They were formerly considered to be ridellii, but it is now agreed to refer them to friersoni, though they are not alto- gether typically that species. See Navuritus, Vol.’ XXVIII, pp. 30, 31. Crenodonta perplicata (Con.). Ouachita River, Arkadelphia and Skillern’s Shoals; Old River; Caddo River. In Old River this species attains great size, and there is little erosion on the beaks even in the largest specimens. Dr. Ortmann reports finding an Ouachita female (Old River), collected June 29, 1911, with glochidia, a very early date. See Navurizus, Vol. XXVIII, p. 21. Crenodonta undulata (Bar.). Terra Noire Creek at Mt. Zion. Crenodonta trapezoides (Lea). Ouachita River, Skillern’s Shoals and near Arkadelphia; Old River. Common. Quadrula cylindrica (Say). Ouachita River, Skillern’s Shoals THE NAUTILUS. 123 and in nearly every mussel bed of the river; Old River. At Cove Creek station in Hot Springs County, specimens were collected from the Ouachita River with the cuneiform blotching wonderfully developed. Quadrula metanerva (Raf.). Ouachita River, Arkadelphia and Skillern’s Shoals. Not found in Old River. Very com- mon. The variety wardii was nowhere located in this region. Quadrula aspera (Lea). Old River; Terra Noire Creek at Mt. Zion. Quadrula lachrymosa (Lea). Ouachita River at Skillern’s Shoals and below Arkadelphia. ‘‘ A comparatively small com- pressed form with large tubercles, quite different from the typical form.’’ Dr. Walker in letter to the author. Quadrula pustulosa (Lea). Ouachita River, Arkadelphia and Skillern’s Shoals; Caddo River; Terra Noire Creek west of Arka- delphia; Old River. The shells from the last named locality are very perfect. Their brilliant color and handsome appear- ance make them easily the most attractive of all the ‘‘ Oua- chita’’ shells. Some excellent pearls have been obtained from this species. Dr. Walker distinguishes three ‘‘forms’’ among the Old River shells, as follows: a. Very oblique, usually densely pustulate. b. Quadrate, with a silky, polished epidermis. c. Intermediate. Shaped more like ‘‘b,’’ but in epidermis and sculpture like ‘‘a.’’ He thinks that several local races of this species are perhaps worthy of recognition. Fusconaia rubiginosa (Lea). Big Deceiper Creek, Gum Springs, south of Arkadelphia. Two males from this locality were stated by Dr. Ortmann to be indistinguishable in shape from the Pennsylvania specimens, but they had a lighter and more glossy epidermis. Some specimens collected in the Terra Noire Creek, west of Arkadelphia, on July 3, 1911, are more compressed than cerina, chunii, or uwndata. Dr. Ortmann says, “* Rubiginosa is the small creek form—in Pennsylvania, passing into a more swollen form (trigona) in the rivers of medium size, and finally, in large rivers, into the true wndata, with high beaks. The anatomy of all the forms named (including chunii, and cerina) is absolutely identical.’’ A form perfectly intergrading 124 THE NAUTILUS. between these Terra Noire rubiginosas and the Ouachita wndatas was collected in the Saline River, at Benton, and this Dr. Walker unhesitatingly calls cerina. Fusconaia cerina (Con). Caddo River, Arkadelphia. Fusconaia undata (Bar).' Ouachita River, Arkadelphia and Skillern’s Shoals; Old River. A common species. Quadrula coccineum (Con.). <A typical specimen was taken from the Ouachita at Arkadelphia in 1913; another was col- lected in June 1914. Quadrula solida (Lea). <A rare species collected only from the Ouachita River near Arkadelphia. Fusconaia ebena (Lea). Ouachita River, Arkadelphia and Skillern’s Shoals; Old River. Abundant. Sphaerium striatinum Lam. Big Deceiper Creek five miles West of Arkadelphia; Gum Springs: Big Deceiper Lake. Musculium transversum (Say). Big Deceiper Lake (teste Sterki). SUMMARY. Pulmonate Gastropoda 45 Operculate Gastropoda 7 Pelecypoda, all of which are Naiades except two 60 Total species 112 BIBLIOGRAPHY. Sampson, ‘‘ Preliminary List of the Mollusca of Arkansas,”’ Published in the Annual Report of the Geological Survey of Arkansas, Vol. II for 1891, pp. 181-199. Catz, ‘‘A Study of the Unionidae of Arkansas’’, Transactions of the St. Louis Academy of Sciences, 1895, pp. 1-65, Plates I-XXI. OrtMANN, ‘‘Notes upon the Families and Genera of the Najades’’, Annals of the Carnegie Museum, Vol. VIII, No. 2, 1912, pp. 222-365, Three Plates. OrTMANN, ‘‘Studies in the Najades’’. Navutitus, Vol. XXVIII, pp. 129-131 (Carunculina parva); Ditto, XXVIII, 'See Navurixus, Vol. XXIV, pp. 6-10, 16-24, with plates. On the Validity of Unio undatus, Barnes, by Bryant Walker. THE NAUTILUS. 125 141, 142 (Carwaculina texasensis, and C. glans), Ditto, XXX. 54-57 (EHurynia lienosa, E. subrostrata, and Lampsilis ventricosa satur ). Wa ker, ‘‘On Paludina coarctata and incrassata, Lea’’. Navutiuus, Vol. XXVIII, pp. 121-127. Description of Campe- loma lewisit. WaLker, ‘‘Apical Characters in Somatogyrus, with Descrip- tion of Three New Species.’? Navurizus, Vol. X XIX, pp. 37-41, 49-53. Description of Somatogyrus wheeleri, and S. amnicoloides. WALKER and Ortmann, ‘‘A New North American Naiad’’, Navtitus, Vol. XXV, pp. 97-100, Pl. VIII. Description of Arkansia (genus) and Arkansia wheeleri. Norre.—The paper of E. G. Vanatta entitled, ‘‘ Unionide# from Southeast- ern Arkansas and N. KE. Louisiana’’?, Nauriius, Vol. XXIII, pp. 102-104, should be compared for a list of species reported from the lower Ouachita, some of which may be yet located in Clark County sections of the river. DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW SPECIES OF MOPALIA AND TRACHYDERMON. BY HENRY A. PILSBRY. MopPALIA LOWEI 2. sp. The chiton is rather small, oblong, moderately elevated, carinate, the lateral slopes straight. The valves are irreg- ularly mottled with ferruginous, sea-green and olive. The anterior valve has ten radial ribs, those at the suture bearing compressed tubercles, the others rounded tubercles. The in- tervals are also tuberculose, with some interstitial granula- tion. Valves ii to vii have low, tuberculose sutural and diag- onal ribs, the lateral areas tuberculose and granular. Central areas with the jugal tract closely striate longitudinally, the strie converging forward near the beaks, elsewhere sub- parallel, but slightly irregular in places. Pleural tracts hav- ing longitudinal ribs, near the ridge converging forward somewhat, becoming divergent towards the lateral borders. These are intersected by a system of much weaker curved ribs radiating forward and laterally, forming oblong tuber- cles on the longitudinal ribs. The posterior valve is short, 126 THE NAUTILUS. nearly flat, with a broad, shallow posterior sinus, the scarcely raised mucro being at the posterior third. The interior is nearly white, strongly striate across the cen- tral part, where some valves may show a green or pink stain. The posterior valve has a rather deep posterior sinus and a single slit on each side. The girdle is rather narrow in dry specimens, and bears coarse processes covered with sharp white spines. Length 23, width 12.2 mm. San Pedro, California, collected by Mr. Herbert N. Lowe. Type no. 117951 A. N.S. P., paratype in Lowe coll., no. 1538. This species is related to M. sinuata, M. imporcata and M. porifera, but it apparently differs from all of them by the profusely spiny girdle processes, which are not exclusively localized at the sutures, though often present there, as well as scattered over the girdle elsewhere. The allied forms men- tioned are all from northern localities. In some of the specimens there are 10 to 12 ribs on the anterior valve. The younger shells are suffused with lilac inside. MOoPALIA IMPORCATA LIONOTUS n. subsp. This chiton agrees closely with M. imporcata except that there is a narrow, smooth jugal tract. The lateral areas are granose between the coarsely tubercular diagonal and sutural ribs. ‘Fhe anterior valve has 10 ribs. Posterior valve is de- pressed behind the mucro, which is at the posterior fourth. Interior ight Niagara-green, darker posteriorly on each valve. The girdle bears branching processes, often like the branches of spines on a cactus. These are scattered, sometimes sutural. Length 15.5, width 9 mm. Divergence 95°. White Point, collected by Mr. H. N. Lowe. Also San Pedro, same collector. Type no. 117952 A. N. S. P.; para- type no. 1542 Lowe coll. MOoPALIA MUSCOSA LAEVIOR n. subsp. This name has long been used in the collection for the form THE NAUTILUS. £27 figured and described in Man. Conch., vol. 14, p. 300, pl. 63, figs. 60, 61. It is from Olympia, Wash. TRACHYDERMON LOWEI 0. sp. Oval, rather depressed, dirty buff, a little darker towards the beaks, which project somewhat. Surface of the valves finely, closely and evenly granose throughout, the granules oblong. The anterior valve and posterior area of the posterior valve have a few very weak, low radial impressions. The mucro of the posterior valve is slightly post-median, but little raised, the slope behind it being convex towards the edge. The interior is white, stained buff or pinkish near the sinus, where it is conspicuously porous. The eaves are wide and closely porous throughout. Teeth smooth, those of the pos- terior valve being directed forward. Girdle is densely cov- ered with minute elongate scales. Length about 17, width 12 mm. (San Pedro). Length about 19, width 13 mm. (San Pedro). Length about 16, width 11 mm. (White Point). San Pedro, Cal. Collected by Mr. H. N. Lowe. Type no. 117955 A. N.S. P., paratype no. 1545 Lowe coll. This species is much more distinctly granulate than 7. ray- mondi, and the eaves are much wider and more porous. The paratype in Lowe coll. is from White Point. There is also a smaller specimen, red with blue-green spots, from San Pedro, but as it has not been disarticulated I do not feel cer- tain of its identity. DeEscrRIPTION OF NEW SPECIES OF SHELLS CHIEFLY FROM MaGpALENA Bay, Lower CaAuirornia. By W.H. Dall. (Proc. of the Biol. Soc. of Washington, vol. 31, pp. 5-8, 1918.) The following new species are described: Scintilla chloris, Macron orcutti, Phenacolepas magdalena, Trichotropsis lomana, Liotia rammata, L. olivacea, L. cookeana, and three new varieties. 125 THE NAUTILUS. THE IDENTITY OF THE NAYAD-GENUS NODULARIA CONRAD WITH UNIO RETZIUS. BY DR. A. E. ORTMANN. The type of Conrad’s genus Nodularia (Proc. Ac. Philad. 6, 1553, p. 268) is Unio douglasiae Griffith & Pidgeon. Simp- son (Syn., 1900, p. 806, and Deser. Cat., 1914, p. 949) has associated, in this genus, a large number of species from Asia and Africa, and places it in his subfamily Hyriane, to which he assigns radial beak sculpture and a marsupium formed by the inner gills only, the latter character resting upon the observation of two species only. Already Haas (System. Conchyl. Cabinet, vol. 9, Heft 44, 1911, p. 65 ff.) has pointed out that this conception of Nodu- larva cannot be maintained, since just the type-species (doug- lasiae) does not possess the characters assigned to the sub- family by Simpson: its beak sculpture is essentially of the zic-zae type, and its marsupium is formed by the outer gills. His examination of this species (and several others, 1. ¢., p. 67) has revealed several other differences from Simpson’s description of the anatomy of N. japanensis, and, as far as it goes, we are to conclude that ‘‘Nephronaias douglasiae’’ is not allied to the Hyriine type of Nayades, but rather to that type represented by Unio Retzius (1788) in the restricted sense as defined by myself (Ann. Carnegie Mus. 8, 1912, p. 273) ; that is to say, it belongs to the family Unionidae, sub- family Unionine. This is clearly shown by the existence of a supraanal opening separated from the anal (‘‘Mantelschlitz unten geschlossen’’), and by the marsupium. From the characters of the shell, chiefly the zic-zac beak sculpture, it was to be inferred that U. douglasiae comes close to the genus Unio (compare my key of genera, |. ¢., pp. 239 and 240) ; but the chief character of Unio, the subtriangular, hooked glochidium, has not been observed hitherto, the gravid females investigated by Haas having only eggs, and not elochidia. Recently Mr. B. Walker has been kind enough to send to me the soft parts of two gravid females of U. douglasiae Griff. THE NAUTILUS. 129 & Pidg., which had been communicated to him by Mr. L. P. Gratacap of the American Museum, New York. They are from Wladiwostok, southeast Siberia. Both had glochidia, which proved to be similar to those of Unio. The examination of these specimens has established the following facts: All of the features of the family Unionide (1. ¢., p. 223) are present. The diaphragm is complete, and formed only by the gills (no mantle connection between anal and branchial openings), and the outer lamina of the outer gills is connected with the mantle to its posterior end. The anterior end of the inner gills is separated from the palpi by a gap. A supraanal opening is separated from the anal by a mantle connection. The gills possess continuous septa, form- ing water tubes running parallel to the gill filaments. The characters of the family Umonine (1. ¢., p. 224) are also present. The marsupium is formed by the outer gills, and, when charged, these gills swell only moderately, leaving the edge sharp. There are no secondary water tubes. For the rest, it should be said that the mantle connection between anal and supraanal openings is moderately long, about half as long as either. The anal has the inner edge distinctly crenulated; the branchial opening has distinet papille; but in front of the branchial the mantle edge is smooth. Palpi subfalciform, their posterior margins united for about one-third of their length. Gills rather long and narrow, the inner the wider, chiefly anteriorly; their anterior ends as usual. Inner lamina of inner gills free from abdominal sae posteriorly, but connected anteriorly ; in one of my specimens the connection extends to one-third of the length of the abdominal sac, in the other to nearly one-half of it: thus this character is variable, as in certain other forms of Nayades (Haas says only: connected anteriorly ). Septa and water tubes well developed in the outer gills of the female, this character extending all along the gill. Pla- cente present, but not very solid, the glochidia easily falling apart. Glochidia essentially agreeing with those of Unio [type, pictorum (L.); see Ortmann, Naut., 28, 14, pp. 32, 139 THE NAUTILUS. 33]. They are subtriangular in outline, and have spinulose hooks. However, they differ in being slightly oblique, the point of the ventral margin being placed a little posteriorly, so that the anterior portion of the ventral margin is longer than the posterior; the point is also sharper (more project- ing); and, finally, they are smaller, and longer than high. While, in U. pictorum, L. and H. are 0.21 mm., in U. doug- lasiae the L. is 0.18 mm. and the H. is 0.15 mm. Thus it is perfectly clear that U. douglasiae has the typical anatomical structure of the genus Unio (s. s., type U. pic- torum), and that it cannot be separated from that genus on anatomical grounds. The question is, whether shell characters permit such a separation, and in this respect it should be pointed out that the general shape of the shell, the hinge teeth, and other characters are very like those of U. pictorum, and that the chief difference is in the beak sculpture, which is more complex, and covers more of the disk (upon this char- acter Conrad seems to have relied when he created Nodu- laria. But when we compare other species, for instance the European U. tumidus Retz., we see that in all these species the beak sculpture is of the same general type, that is to say, of the zic-zac pattern, and that U. douglasiae represents the most extreme development of this, while U. pictorwm has it in much obliterated condition, and U. tumidus is intermediate between these to a degree. Thus there is only a difference in the degree of development, and it should also be born in mind that even in U. douglasiae the beak sculpture varies a good deal (see the account given by Haas of the various forms of douglasie ). Consequently we cannot escape the conclusion that U. doug- lasiae is a true Unio in all respects, and that it should stand as Unio douglasiae Griffith & Pidgeon. Nodularia Conrad, with douglasiae as type, becomes then a synonym of Unio Retzius. This, probably, refers to those species which are related to douglasiae, that is to say, preéminently to all those associated by Haas in the ‘‘group of N. douglasiae.’’ It remains to be seen what should become of the other species of Nodularia in THE NAUTILUS. 131 Simpson’s sense. They cannot be called any more by this generic name, but where they finally will land cannot be told before they have been examined as to their anatomy. Already Haas has separated a number of them under other generic names, but these genera are mostly founded upon shell- characters only. THE GENUS ELYSIELLA (VERRILL OR BERGH?). BY SILAS C. WHEAT. In 1872 Prof. A. E. Verrill and Dr. Rudolph Bergh each found an undescribed Nudibranch, and each erected a new genus for his species. As the forms were minute and resem- bled Elysia both authors chose the name Elysiella. The two species have in common the respiratory sac on which Verrill founded the genus, although they differ in the form of the head and tentacles, on which Dr. Bergh lays emphasis. On the question of priority,—Prof. Verrill published his genus Elysiella in the American Journal of Science for April, 1872; Dr. Bergh published his Elysiella in Heft iv, Band I, Malacologische Untersuchungen in Dr. Semper’s Reisen im Archipel der Philippinen. Dr. Bergh’s Band I was issued at the rate of one Heft each year except in the year 1872 when both wi and w appeared. Probably Heft w came out in the autumn of 1872, several months later than the American Journal for April. A letter addressed to the publisher in Germany during the second month of the present war re- mains unanswered. Inquiries of American libraries for the month on which they received Heft w have brought only the year 1872, copied from the title-page, not from their accession records. It seems proper to credit the genus to Prof. Verrill. Genus ELysreua Verrill. ‘* Elystella, gen. nov. Allied to Elysia and Placobranchus. Head rounded, with two short, obtuse tentacles; eyes sessile behind the bases of the tentacles on the neck. Lateral lobes united behind, rounded and separate in front, and raised from the back, leaving a cavity beneath for respiration. 132 THE NAUTILUS. Bloodvessels, commencing in the anterior part of the back, extend backward forking and diverging in the area enclosed by the lateral lobes. This genus differs from Placobranchus and Elysia in having the lateral lobes united together pos- teriorly over the back so that the respiratory cavity partly enclosed by them is closed behind.’’ — Verrill, Amer. Jour. Soc., April, 1872, p. 284, pl. 7, f. 5-5a. ‘*Genus Elysiella Bergh. Head laterally subcarinate; ten- tacles minute, conic. This somewhat doubtful genus is based upon the new form of Elysian stated below. Undoubtedly the same differs from all known Elysians. The head on the side is carinated almost as in Limapontia; the tentacles are quite small and conic.’’—Bergh, Mal. U., Band I, Heft iv, p. 201, pl. 9, f. 3; pl. 24, £. 20-25. Continuing, Dr. Bergh says of this new form of Elysian: ‘*Elysiella pusilla Bergh. Color grass-green, punctate on both sides with minute obscure dots; on the margin of the body small white dots in one or two series, and at the extrem- ity a sac; tentacles with small white dots. Length 2 mm.’’ A single specimen found by Dr. Semper in the East Indies in 1862 was preserved in Damar balsam and was delivered to Dr. Bergh about eight years later. (The italics are mine.— Sake. We) Elysiella catula Verrill. Amer. Jour. Soc., 1872, April, p. 284, pl. 4, f. 5-5a—lInv. of Vineyard Sd. (U. 8S. Fish., 1872, pt. 1), 1873, p. 668, pl. 25, f. 172—not f. 171, and not Placo- branchus catulus Gould. On plate 25, U. S. F., 1872, the numbers 171 and 172 are transposed. Prof. Verrill believed that Dr. Gould’s Placo- branchus catulus (Inv. Mass., 1870, p. 256, pl. 17, f. 249-250) was founded on specimens of the same species from Boston Harbor, and did not give a new name to the type of his genus. He says: ‘‘This species is well described by Dr. Gould, but the figure is incorrect in representing the lateral lobes as separate posteriorly — perhaps a theoretical mistake on the part of the artist. It is common in harbors and estuaries from Boston[?] to New Jersey. Great Egg Harbor, N. J. (Verrill & Smith) ; New Haven, Ct., and Woods Hole, Mass. (Smith).”’ THE NAUTILUS. 133 Dr. Gould’s description agrees perfectly with his figure. Both text and figure prove that his Placobranchus was a true Elysia with lateral lobes not united dorsally. He says: ‘Body ovate-lanceolate, the lateral expansions about two- thirds its length and not quite meeting when reflected upon the back.’’ The species will stand thus: Genus Enysreuua Verrill, 1872: type Elysiella catula Verrill, 1872. Elysiella pusilla Bergh, 1872. Genus Exysia: Elysia catula Gould (Placobranchus catulus Gould, 1870). HELIX NEMORALIS AT KNOXVILLE, TENNESSEE. BY T. D. A. COCKERELL. Mr. M. D. Barber has very kindly sent me a series of H. nemoralis collected at Knoxville; descendants of the Lexing- ton, Va., colony, as explained by him in Nautiuus, xxxi, p. 107. The specimens all have the yellow ground color (var. libellula), and sort out as follows: Adults. 00000. 16, four of which are bimarginate (the dark peri- stome bordered inwardly with a white rib). 10345. 2, one having max. diam. 26 mm. 12345. 21, of which five are bimarginate. 123 (45). 14, of which two are bimarginate; two have max. diam. 25 mm. 123,45. one. Immature. 00000. 16. 12345. 15. Some would doubtless have become 123(45) on maturity, the formula being taken from near the mouth. 123 (45). six (var. reaumurva Moq.). (12)3(45). three. 10345. two (var. argenvillea Mogq.). 134 THE NAUTILUS, (12345). one (var. kleinia Mogq.). (12)345. — one. 12345. one. 00345. one (var. listeria Moq.). 1(23) (45). one (var. brardia Moq.). ,0345. one. Every one of these band varieties is known from the Lex- ington colony (cf. J. L. Howe, American Naturalist, Dec., 1898). Among 102 shells are two with split or extra bands, which is searcely half the percentage of such forms in the Lexington colony. It would require a much larger collection to show whether this is accidental. The absence of the vari- eties with a pink ground, of which 40 are reported from Lex- ington, is remarkable. DESCRIPTION OF A NEW PANDORA OF THE SUBGENUS KENNERLYIA FROM FORRESTER ISLAND, ALASKA. BY GEORGE WILLETT. During the summers of 1916 and 1917 a Kennerlyia which seems to differ materially from previously known species of the subgenus was taken by the writer at Forrester Island, southeastern Alaska, at an average depth of about fifty fathoms. A considerable number of living specimens were secured and, when carefully compared with specimens of allied species, certain distinctive characteristics seem to be maintained throughout the series. Therefore I propose for this shell the following name: Kennerlyia forresterensis, new species. Shell moderately heavy; short and deep (depth in twelve typical specimens averaging .67 of length). Color white, with brownish periostracum generally visible on both ends but most conspicuous on posterior. Left valve moderately convex, smooth except for rather faint incremental lines. Right valve flat or slightly convex, except near basal margin where it be- comes abruptly concave ; smooth except for several (generally 7-9) irregular impressed lines running from apex to basal LOUIS POPE GRATACAP THE NAUTILUS. 135 margin. Length 22, height 15, diameter 5, beaks behind an- terior end 6. Distribution. — Type locality Forrester Island, Alaska, in 50 fathoms. A. N.S., No. 118200. Paratypes are in the Cali- fornia Academy of Sciences and in the collection of the writer. In shape of shell forresterensis is about midway between K. grandis Dall and K. glacialis Leach. It differs from grandis in smaller size, lighter structure, greater proportional diameter, more truncate posterior end and in straight or nearly straight hinge-line, the basal curve meeting the pos- terior dorsal margin at an angle a little greater than a right angle. It differs from glacialis in greater size, heavier struc- ture, greater proportional depth, and in prominence of im- pressed line setting off anterior portion of left valve and inset at basal margin, which, however, is less prominent than in K. grandis. ' LOUIS POPE GRATACAP. Louis Pope Gratacap, curator of mineralogy and of mollusk, at the American Museum of Natural History, died suddenly on December 14, 1917. Born in Brooklyn, N. Y., November 1s 1851, he was educated in the College of the City of New York and Columbia School of Mines, graduating from the latter in 1876. ‘Mr. Gratacap has been identified with the American Museum of Natural History since October 1876, when the collections were still housed in the old Arsenal Building. Since the death of Professor R. P. Whitfield, he has been dean of the scientific staff, having been in service more than forty years. During this period he has held successively the positions of assistant curator of mineralogy, assistant curator of geology, curator of mineralogy and conchology and curator of mollusca, the last of these since 1909, when he was placed in entire charge of the mineralogical and conchological collections’’. Of his many papers upon various subjects, only a few relate to conchology. In 1901 he published a ‘‘ Catalogue of the Binney and Bland collection of Terrestrial Air-breathing Mol- lusks of the United States and Territories in the American Museum of Natural History, with Enumeration of Types and 136 THE NAUTILUS. figured Specimens, and Supplementary Notes’’. The paper is illustrated by six maps showing the distributional intensity of Zonites, Polygyra (typical), Stenotrema, Triodopsis, Mesodon, and Epiphragmophora. Mr. Gratacap contributed several articles to Toe NautiLus including ‘‘ Note upon the insufficiency of the operculum as a basis of classification in the round-mouth shells’? and ‘‘ Tertiary fossils on Long Island’’. He also pub- lished, Geology of the City of New York, 1901, 8rd edition 1909; Guide to the Mineral Collections; ‘‘The Museum’’, a valuable paper on museums and museum technique; A Trip around Iceland, and others. Mr. Gratacap was a man of pleasing manners and always had a warm welcome for visitors to his department. HENRY W. WINKELEY. The Rev. Henry W. Winkley, rector of the Calvary Episcopal church, Danvers, Mass. died at his home, February 4, 1918. Born in Boston, Mass., March 24, 1858, he graduated from Harvard University in 1881 and from the Episcopal Theological School in 1884. He was ordained rector of Grace Episcopal church, Newton, Mass. in 1885 and later was rector of churches in St. Stephens, New Brunswick, Saco, Me., and Branford, Conn. Mr. Winkley had for many years taken a great interest in the study of mollusks, contributing since 1891 over thirty articles to the pages of THe NavriLus, giving interesting accounts of his various collecting trips along the New England and Canadian coasts, with many useful hints as to methods of collecting. He described three new species, Caecum johnsoni, Pyramidella bartschi and QOdostomia katherine, while a number of species were named in his honor. His entire collection of shells went to the Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University. He was a most enthusiastic and careful collector, specializing on New England mollusks, his favorite places for collecting be- ing Woods Hole, Mass. and Eastport, Me., although he has col- lected at most of the favorable collecting grounds along our coast. He also enjoyed collecting the small fresh-water species and was an expert in the use of the sieves, obtaining Sphaeriidae ———— | wi Balti ik REV. HENRY W. WINKLEY FRANCIS ASBURY SAMPSON THE NAUTILUS. 137 by the thousand. He had a keen sense of humor and always saw the bright side of life. We shall greatly miss his frequent visits to the museum. Mr. Winkley was a charter member and the first Secretary and Treasurer of the Boston Malacological Club. He leaves twosons, Frank H. and Robert L. Winkley, and a daughter, Miss Ruth Winkley. C. W. J. FRANCIS ASBURY SAMPSON. Prof. Francis Asbury Sampson died of pneumonia at the Parker Memorial Hospital, University of Missouri, on the morn- ing of February 4th at the age of 76. Prof. Sampson was born in Harrison County, Ohio, February 6th, 1842, from which place he emigrated to Missouri in 1867, locating at Sedalia, Pettis County, where with a brother he engaged in the practice of law. He enjoyed a lucrative practice and for twenty years acted as legal advisor and vice-president of the Missouri Trust Company. From the time he came to Missouri he had been an active collector of Missouriana and his private collection of books and pamphlets, relating to Missouri and Missourians is the most complete known. In 1901 Prof. Sampson was elected Secretary of the Missouri Historical Society and his library of Missouriana was presented to the society. The collection represented approximately twenty thousand titles. As secretary of the Historical Society he gave his entire time to building up the library and owing to his efforts the society to- day has the largest library on Missouri history in existence, consisting of sixty thousand different titles. Its value cannot be appreciated except by one who has examined its contents and understands their rarity. Prof. Sampson gave his leisure moments to collecting shells and fossils and in late years it was his only recreation. The vast number of carefully selected land and fresh-water shells contained in his cabinets bear witness to the fact that his ‘‘ idle moments’’ were not in any sense wasted. The writer once 138 THE NAUTILUS. heard him say that he had discovered over two hundred new species of fossils and recent shells. He wrote but little on his discoveries in conchology and paleontology but generously turned them over to those especially interested. Of the numerous finds made by him, at least twenty-five species bear his name. Prof. Sampson received his A. B. degree from the College of the City of New York, in 1864 and an A.M. and LL.B, at New York University in 1868. Prof. Sampson was a member of the Ameri- can Historical Society, The Mississippi Valley Historical Asso- ciation, The Academy of Sciences of St. Louis. He was a Delta Kappa Epsilon, a Phi Beta Kappa anda Knight Templar. The bulk of his writings relate to library work, consisting in the main of bibliographies and catalogues. The following list covers his work in conchology and kindred subjects. BIBLIOGRAPHY OF F, A. SAMPSON. The shells of Eureka Springs, Arkansas. Kansas City Review of Science and Industry, Vol. 5, No. 9, pp. 526-528, Jan. 1882. Notes on the distribution of shells. Kansas City Review of Science and Industry, Vol. 5, No. 11, pp. 681-683, March, 1882. The Natural History of Pettis County, Missouri.—Geology and Paleontology — Economic Geology — Land and Fresh-water Shells—Reptilia—Ornithology—Entomology—Botany. The History of Pettis County, Missouri, pp. 221-239, 1882. Notes on the distribution of shells. Kansas City Review of Science and Industry, Vol. 6, Nos. 9- 10, pp. 551-554, Feb. 1883. Notes on the distribution of shells. Kansas City Review of Science and Industry, Vol. 7, No. 1, pp. 22-25, May, 1883. The shells of Pettis County, Missouri. Bulletin of the Sedalia Natural History Society, No. 1, pp. 16-28, Aug. 1885. Notes on the distribution of shells. The American Naturalist, Vol. 21, pp. 83-86, 1887. THE NAUTILUS. 139 Notes on the Subcarboniferous Series at Sedalia, Missouri. Transactions New York Academy of Sciences, Vol. 7, pp. 246- 247, June, 1888. Description of a new American Helix. THE Nautitus, Vol. 3, No. 8, pp. 85-86, December, 1889. Shells within City limits. Tue Navtitus, Vol. 4, No. 7, p. 82, November, 1890. A Bibliography of the Geology of Missouri. Geological Survey of Missouri, Bulletin No. 2, pp. 1-176, Jefferson City, Dec. 1890. Mesodon andrewsi in Missouri. THE Navutitus, Vol. 6, No. 8, p. 90, December, 1892. Mollusca of Arkansas. Tue Navtitus, Vol. 7, No. 3, pp. 33-35, July, 1893. A preliminary list of the Mollusca of Arkansas (exclusive of the Unionidae). Annual Report of the Geological Survey of Arkansas for 1891, Vol. 2, pp. 179-199, Little Rock, 1893. Southern shells in Missouri. THE Navtitus, Vol. 8, No. 2, p. 18, June, 1894. Arkansas shell collecting. THE Navtius, Vol. 25, No. 4, pp. 40-41, August, 1911. Polygyra albolabris alleni Wetherby and other Missouri Helices. Tue Navcritus, Vol. 25, No. 11, pp. 180-131, March, 1912. Shells of Southeast Missouri. Tue Navutitvs, Vol. 26, No. 8, pp. 90-95, December, 1912. A preliminary list of the Mollusca of Missouri (exclusive of the Unionidae). Transactions Academy of Science, St. Louis, Vol. 22, No. 3, pp. 67-108, July, 1913. Postpliocene shells of Providence and Lupus, Missouri. Tue Navtiuvs, Vol. 28, No. 2, pp. 15-17, June, 1914. Reversed or sinistral shells. Tue Nauvtitus, Vol. 29, No. 11, pp. 128-129, March, 1916. DARLING K. GREGER. Department of Geology, University of Missouri. 140 THE NAUTILUS. PUBLICATIONS RECEIVED. NoTES ON THE VICTORIAN SPECIES OF BuLuiNus. By Charles Hedley (Records of the Australian Museum, vol. 12, pp. 1-8, pls. 1-2, 1917). The following interesting note preceeds the systematic treatise of the species: ‘‘Those fresh-water snails once known in Australia as Physa, but now referred to as Bullinus, have recently acquired an unpleasant interest. For the spread and nurture of haematura, a severe, painful and incurable complaint has recently been traced to Egyptian representatives of Bullinus. ‘“‘The newly hatched embryo of a Trematode, called Bil- harzia, enters the Bullinus snail and there turns into a sporo- eyst. Then Bilharzid cercari# are discharged from the in- fected snail every day for weeks, more plentifully and con- tinuously in summer. The free-swimming larve swarm on the surface of the water in search of a victim. Should they fail to find a host within forty-eight hours they must die. A successful parasite enters the human body either by the mouth or through the skin, and proceeds to establish itself in the rectum or bladder. Arrived at maturity, the parasite sheds innumerable hard-shelled eggs. These erode the mucous mem- brane, thus causing internal bleeding, a symptom of the dis- ease. Victims may even die from necrosis of the liver or blockage of portal veins.’’ It is to be presumed if this plague were to be introduced from Africa or Asia, the Australian species of Bullinus would serve as an intermediate host and so transmit it. Previously an Australian Bullinus had been indicated as an intermediate host for the sheep fluke-—C. W. J. Tue Economics or TrocHus NiLoticus. By Charles Hed- ley (The Australian Zoologist, vol. 1, pt. 4, pp. 69-73, pl. 6, 1917). A very interesting account of its economic value, dis- tribution, etc. Its dense, firm nacre proves good material for buttons, and during the past six years the demand for Tro- chus by button-makers has caused the price to advance from twenty to thirty pounds a ton. The export of Trochus from Queensland in 1916 was 950 tons, worth £23,000. The Philip- THE NAUTILUS. 141 pines export about 320 tons annually. The more careful of the Japanese fishermen save both meat and shell. From ten tons of shell a ton of meat is obtained, worth in China £20 a ton. Dried and smoked for two days, it is then ready for export, and is considered a delicacy.—C. W. J. THE CERCARIAL INFECTION OF SouTH AFRICAN SNAILS. By F. G. Cawston, M. D. (Reprint from The Medical Jour. of S. Africa, 18 pp., 1917.) The species of snails harboring vari- ous kinds of cercariz are given, with special reference to Physopsis africana, which harbors the Bilharzia cercarie. After describing his work on this line, the following is part of a summary: ‘‘The foregoing experiments and observations would seem to show that the urine of a person who harbors the Bilharzia parasite in South Africa becomes dangerous to the community only when it reaches fresh water containing specimens of Physopsis africana. It is interesting to observe that the intermediary host of Schistosoma haematobium both belong to the same subfamily of molluses, Limneine, Phy- sopsis africana in South Africa and Bullinus dybowski in Egypt; that the intermediary host of Schistosoma mansoni belongs to the Planorbine — Planorbis boissyi in Egypt and Planorbis guadelupensis in South America; whilst the inter- mediary host of Schistosoma japonicum is Blanfordia (Kata- yama) nosophora (Robson).’’—C. W. J. FURESOENS MoLLUSKFAUNA, by C. M. Steenberg (D. Kel. Danske Vidensk. Selsk. Skrifter, Naturv. og Math. Afd., 8, Raekke III, 1, 1917, pp. 78-200, Tar. I-VIII). A very ex- haustive account of the bathymetric distribution and varia- tion of the molluscan fauna of Fures6, a lake near Copen- hagen, with a comparison of the bathymetric distribution of the mollusca in other European lakes. A résumé is given in French. The illustrations are excellent. ANATOMIE DES ACANTHINULA ET DES VALLONIA. LES oR- GANES GENITAUX. Par C. M. Steenberg. (Vidensk. Meddel. fra Dansk Naturh. Foren., Bd. 69, 1917.) The minute size of 142 THE NAUTILUS. these snails has hitherto hindered a knowledge of their anat- omy, the accounts given by Lehmann being very incorrect. Acanthinula aculeata proves to have genitalia comparable to those organs in Pupillide. A. lamellata Jeffr. is without male end organs (vasdeferens and penis). This condition Mr. Steenberg is disposed to regard as secondary. Vallonia cos- tata has pallial and reproductive organs of the group Orthu- rethra. Mr. Steenberg has rendered an important service in working out the characters of these difficult snails. THE PuHiuipPpIne LAND SHELLS OF THE GENUS AMPHIDRO- Mus. By Paul Bartsch. Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., no. 100, pp. 47; 22 plates. Having at hand a large amount of authen- tically localized material, Dr. Bartsch has been able to trace relationships and define species and subspecies in this diffi- cult group of beautiful tree snails with precision and detail not reached hitherto by the authors who have treated of them. The Philippine series is traced to two routes of migration from Borneo, one through Palawan to the Calamianes, the other by way of the Jolo group to Mindanao, ete. On Min- danao the relation of topography to the distribution of species and races suggests to the author ‘‘that this island is composed of a series of smaller islands which have been fused into the large territory by a comparatively moderate raising of that part of the ocean floor.’’ Numerous new forms are described, and all are figured.—H. A. P. Some New Species or Amastra. By C. Montague Cooke. Occasional Papers Bernice Pauahi Bishop Museum, vol. 3, no. 3, pp. 29, 3 plates. While this paper is especially valuable on account of the new forms made known from Kauai (6) and from Hawaii (9), there are also interesting species from Oahu, Molokai and Maui. Two sinistral species (one Pleis- tocene) from Maui, and one Pleistocene species from Oahu are added to the short list of sinistral Amastras. A. hitchcocki is a very large new Amastra from Molokai. Many of the new forms are from Pleistocene deposits. Excellent photographic figures are given.—H. A. P. THE NAUTILUS. 143 AN UnusuaL EXTENSION OF THE DISTRIBUTION OF THE SHIPwoRM IN San FRANcisco Bay, CAuiFoRNIA. By Albert L. Barrows. (Univ. of Cal. Publications in Zool., vol. 18, no. 2, pp. 27-48, 1917.) A valuable contribution to our knowl- edge of shipworms. ‘‘It is said that the shipworm was un- known in San Francisco Bay in the early history of the port, and that wood-boring molluscs did not become an extensive menace to marine woodwork here until some years after the great increase in the shipping entering the bay which fol- lowed upon the discovery of gold in California. Be that as it may, a species of the Teredide, XYylotrya setacea Tryon now thoroughly infests the main portion of the bay. . . . Another species of shipworm, Teredo diegensis Bartsch, has also re- cently caused damage in the upper part of San Francisco Bay.”’ In conclusion, the author states that 7. diegensis may be an intermittent resident of the vicinity of Mare Island; that the excessive damage caused by this borer in 1913 came about through the marked increase in the average salinity of the water in this part of the bay, caused by two consecutive dry seasons. <A salinity of at least 10 parts per 1000 (approxi- mately) seems to be required for the existence of 7. diegensis at temperatures ranging from 6° to 19° C.—C. W. J. A Systematic List oF THE MARGINELLIDS. By J. R. Le Brockton Tomlin. (Proc. Mal.: Society London, vol. 12, pp. 242-306, 1917.) A very useful list in which the author has endeavored to bring together all specific and varietal names that has ever been used, giving the synonymy and reference to where each species is described. The list contains some 950 names representing 519 species. PIRATES OF THE DEEP—STORIES OF SQUID AND Octopus. By Paul Bartsch. (Annual Report Smith. Inst., 1916, pp. 347- 375, 19 plates.) An exceedingly interesting review. A brief account of their past history is followed by a number of nar- ratives of the captures of some of these remarkable creatures, together with much useful information pertaining to their economic use. 144 THE NAUTILUS. NOTES. Note oN A PreoccuPIED NAME IN POLYPLACOPHORA.—Mr. Tom Lredale has recently been good enough to call my atten- tion to the fact that the specific name pilsbryanus, recently proposed by me’ for a chiton dredged by the United States Fisheries steamer Albatross off the coast of Japan, is preoccu- pied in the genus /schnochiton, where I had placed it, by J. pilsbryanus Bednall, 1896, a South Australian species. Al- though it is by no means certain that the Lepidozona group to which this species belongs is correctly referred to Ischno- chiton even as a subgenus, the fact that it was so referred in my paper as printed necessitates the adoption of a new name for the later species. The Japanese form I therefore propose to denominate J. (L.) nipponica. It was my intention originally to describe the species as an outright Lepidozona, but, not being ready to give my opinion as to the proper position for the group, I thought it wisest in the final draft of the paper conservatively to refer it back to Ischnochiton. It happened at that time that Bednall’s paper was inaccessible to me, and this fact, together with my un- familiarity with its contents, prevented my discovery of the existence of his prior name until too late for the proper cor- rection to be made in my paper.—sS. S. Berry. I ran into a curious bit of coincidence on Cerros Island. I took Epiphragmophora veatchii only on one very peculiar tree and never more than two to a tree. I brought home the flowers and leaves, which I sent to the California Academy for diagnosis. The tree turns out to have been taken orig- inally on Cerros Island. It was described originally as Rhus veatchiana, and Dr. Gray afterwards made a genus Veatchia for it—FrRED BAKER. 1 Proce. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 54, pp. 1, 10 (1917). 2 Proce. Malac. Soc. London, vol. 2, p. 142 (1896). PLATE | THE NAUTILUS, XXX! eee, Cree a ——— WALKER: ANCYLIDZ THE NAUTILUS, XXXT PLATE I! 1. LANX PATELLOIDES (LEA). A Seam 2. LANX KLAMATHENSIS HAN. am PN MOR ey 3. FERRISSIA RIVULARIS (SAY). 4. FERRISSIA (LAN APEX) DIAFHANUS (HALD.). WHE NAUTILUS, XXX ‘PLATE If 8 Te LORD VA LS TAURI 25 beod |! ne 1. GUNDLACHIA HINKLEYI WALKER. 2. RHODAC MEA FILOSA (CON.). 3. RRODACMEA RHODACME WALKER. THE NAUTILUS, XXXI PLATE IV GILMORE: REPRODUCTION OF SPHARIIDA PLATE V THE NAUTILUS, XXxXI Litt Vet y LT GILMORE: REPRODUCTION OF SPHARIID PLATE VI THE NAUTILUS, XXxI FIG TE 1b ccm | GILMORE: REPRODUCTION OF SPH/ERIID 7 o) a eon ee ’ in, . wo ’ J. . - ® e THE NAUTILUS, XXX] PLATE VII ,2 PSORONAIAS KUXENSIS FRIERSON. 3. EPIPHRAGMOPHORA CALLISTODERMA PILS. & FERR 4. UNIO TETRALASMUS SAY. nO: Lin 1 ZACHRYSIA RAMSDENI PILS. Z. EMARGINATA PFR. 5 THE NAUTILUS, XXXII. PLATE Vill CLAPP: NEW CARYCHIUM AND THYSANOPHORA. THE NAUTILUS, XXXI. PLATE IX. L-3. DRUPA FOLIACEA CONR. 8. FUSINUS SANDVICHENSIS SOWB. 4. DRUPA WALKERAE P. & B. 9, 12. MUREX PELE PILS. 5. VITIENSIS PILS. 10. DRUPA 1UBERCULATA BLY. 6,7. PERISTERNIA THAANUMI P. & B. ll. pe MORUS LAM. diols NAUTILUS A QUARTERLY JOURNAL DEVOTED TO THE INTERESTS OF CONCHOLOGISTS eae: pe - — 4 q | $07 . 4 0 VOL. XXXII alain) ie 14% ; , JULY, 1918, to APRIL, 1919 A EDITORS AND PUBLISHERS HENRY A. PILSBRY Curator of the Department of Mollusca, Academy of Natural Sciences PHILADELPHIA CHARLES W. JOHNSON Curator of the Boston Society of Natural History BOSTON INDEX TO ay) AE RES.) XC Xe INDEX TO TITLES, GENERA AND SPECIES. Acanthina aneelics Oldroyd. - Sp. .... 5... .- eens ws 26 Achatiner, types of generic names proposed for ......... 98 Amnicola oneida or bakeriana Pils. (pl. 2, figs. 9,10).... 2 moc annite parallels Witte! Sots seen clcla see siete weere ee 60 PN aC Hier hit Al ALGER) v)2'<) cs colts, daly mix cle siera/ace «cid soi al viele 99 Avicula candeana of d’Orb., from Bermuda............ 37 AOC HT CMe RT yy Thy OT Seana 655 abe itis ok rarage wate e ebce 12 Boston \alacologseal Clap: 2 .).).\aei. ss oe ae aa Sale ed ates 33 Bryan, Mrs. Elizabeth Letson (obituary).............. 142 Bulimulus (Protoglyptus) brunoi von Ihering (pl. 4, fig.7) 54 Blue and White Mountains, Arizona, journey to the ..... 81 Czecum in New England, new forms of ................ 73 Ceeum annulatum Brown (pl..5, fig. 1)................ it Cecum auriculatum de Folin (pl. 5, fig. 4)............. 76 ecomvelarkn: Carp: (pl: by, fig. 5)! 3. is beac eee ss 76 Gwvcim, cooperit smith: (pl, by fie. 2). oo. clin. dalek ce se «' 19 Cxeum johnsonii Winkley (pl. 5, fig. 3) ..........0..... 75 Cecum aiid otimpw(pl: 5, fig. 6): es. ede. ee ae 76 hampine in the Sierras and. desert: \:\.. 0.2 s.r. eves 3 Pe Meer CON LG@ LOI tak! . V nid otk ands wis ala. x 0 aceiatel tials? o, agian 35 Weniuninne LOnerIMirtAle S.). Gkh eka ba swe ei alee wee wale 2 BIGOT EVC I Mee ite mp Ate IMT cee aiald a Om RE Seen wine oe 5 99 @achlostyic. metarormipver Pe oe ciecuk wegen esis. 59 Cochlostyla polychroa buriasensis Bartsch, n. subsp. .... 16 Machlostyla: sutomantra: Lies oN iN es ek 59 OL OMATLOMIMONISIS TOTEM ce. Urata’ feare,e de aialale cata moll Wee ais 71 Cuspidaria (Tropidomya) nana Oldroyd, n. sp. ........ 28 Wonnechieut, anells at: Monroe: cole ec ek awe ew cone ae 134 Cuban mollusk colonized in Florida................... 104 lll iv THE NAUTILUS. Daniels, Lorenzo E. (obituary), portrait .............. 99 Elliptio dilatatus var. Sterkii Grier, n. var. ............ 9 Epiphragmophora tudiculata colusaensis Bartsch, n. subsp. 126 Eurynia (Micromya) venusta (Lea) ................+- 13 Fundella candeana (d’Orb.) (pl. 3) ...........2 eee eee 38 Fusconain flava var. Griet, Bi Vat, i... sus ov vcs areees 11 Gillia alialis (ea) (Cpl. 2, figs.1-8) 0005 7c 19, 22 Gillia and Amnicola, notes on nidification of ........... 19 Glochidia of Strophitus edentulus pavonius (Lea) ...... 17 Gonaye island shells. 4io 56-45. o-<< gaat vs alesse Ea eee 72 Helcion pellucidum in America .-;........-.....00-5- 77 ES GUK OUOOIABS. 6 doe cin SER ne 2 ob b Seo s nolo ok SRE ene 55 Helix: Jevis Peer er 246 saci sv. <.s' >, ve os OW soph < ee 56 Belix ‘occidentalis IM: 67 Fs) 5, 00s\ ak cisnin Ota) Gheeoe eines 63 EIGER TATION ih os kata ice » acho Gore okie Line tee ee 56 Hemiplecta sagittifera batanensis Bartsch, n. subsp. .... 15 WADIA IS Pe VEER NOBEL acco eA ws kote ie Calera 14 Lampsilis ventricosa cohongoronta in the Potomae Valley. 51 Land shells of Monroe, Connecticut .................-. 134 Lasmigona costata var. eriganensis Grier, n. var......... 10 Liguus fasciatus, varieties from Cuba in Florida ....... 104 Lomax maximus im Colorado: .. .. . «wd vigbis-wes one berets ft Lammers temnicoste, M, i Bio oi. scheme etal wes ele eae 64 Liopistha (Cymella) montanensis Hend., n. n. for Phola- CGR BTIOALA odo. Saeed cinerea Hirde wih vet eee 60 Loboa brunoi von Ihering, the status of ............... 53 Lymnea auricularia L. in Colorado ................... 71 Liymmns hendersoni Baker’ .....:5.05 04 ¥..sas oy 2h 71 Macrocallista orcutti Dall., n. sp. .............0+.- Pee Malleus ‘rufipunctatus Reeve .. ois. sss) nab 3h be sindae 38 Malleus vesiculatus Reeve: oy cnc ces cits x bw oe hive eee 38 Marine mollusea about New York City, some ........... 90 Martyn’s universal conchologist ..............-..000-- 28 Meioceras, nisp, (pl. 5, figs de 3 55 as pid ae one 5 ae 76 Melania convexa var. impressa M. & H................. 61 Melania (Goniobasis?) sculptilis Meek ................ 61 Melavis moliistriata. My & Ho oo ads roe ee 62 Naiades from Lake Erie, new varieties of .............. 9 Nenia cooki Pils., n. sp. (pl. 7, figs. 11-18).............. 80 Nomenclature and systematic positions of some North American fossil and recent mollusks .............. 60 INGER ih Sib chetare Coss! tipeb eeere AG) ie aseud Chapin mae 34, 71, 103, 1438 Obba listeri batanensis Bartsch, n. subsp. ...........--- 16 Olivella biplicata angelena Oldroyd, n. var. ............ 34 Onema 'Gistel eo oi Bs ocd oe eee ee cee 99 THE NAUTILUS. v Opisthosiphon berryi Clapp, n. sp. (pl. 7, fig. 14)....... 86 Opisthosiphon from Cuba, a new .................-+.- 86 Oveohelix, cooper minor: CEM: oy 9 2. se da ee eo ee ee 41 Oreohelix cooperi obscura Hend., n. form .............. 46 Pauaania urrour Wana WGA) Foe o's Pa itd Pde Sek oes eke 120 Panag caratata Ame. Ooo S Ie fod oe wh leale lade 109, 110 RP ei Wad CUMMINS! EVE: 2s 5) lato s eae Ue aie ae at a 113 Pawdina multiearinata Hald: +40... 6205 Weed Je e's 120 Paudina mulialinedta Me & Fj 3 309). 5.60 De eae 62 arRIRISTLk ATMEL IE AT ON a as UI Ye 106 Panope (generosa Gould var.?) taeniata Dall, n. sp.?.... 25 Don re ED 6G (a RF 99 Pela sna SOME) 2.0.15 eo a ok es oe 58 Philippines, new land shells from the ................. 15 Biaipinon; VAVIpavicke OF 6) 305.2 acta bt sce uee 109 Eeplademya wundata Mi! THis ee 60 LATE COMD BTL eae Pe eRe Po Po A a a ale ea eee sl 99 Planorbis altissimus Baker, n. sp. (pl. 7, figs. 7-10)...... 95 Planorbis campanulatus, from Blue Sea Lake, Quebec, MOLES) GT: YANIAGION 3412/4) tts Asie eis od idence oi ds fa siene 127 Planorbis from post-glacial deposits, description of new BOCCIGM AO! MHTIOIIER (cae e «hoses om obi thew 94 Planorbis parvus urbanensis Baker, n. var. (pl. 7, figs. 4-6) 94 erie Venn Ms Gor kts!) . cred Jerse oe ek Bok «alee ee 64 Pleistocene fossils of Magdalena Bay, Lower California, collected by Charles Russell Orcutt ............... 23 Fleurodonte maremella in Florida’ .2.. 62 009.03. 4.. 104 Poigmitea: anricoma in Plorida \...:. eae. eee wee 104 Polyvmitd muscarum in) Plorida ..6.: 9s 4.35 23 4. Sad 104 Praticolella campi Clapp & Ferriss, n. sp. (pl. 6, figs. 1-4) 78 Prauicolella eriseola. Pir: (pl. .6, fies. 5-1) >... ...2 05 3s 79 PRMNNOU EL FOOTE: 60%. 5) i cicia 5a a aie ata wk ak had oie teldiare 35 Prorecnaieiua constellata, Mor. co. 6s. a dee eee 48 Pree neraALelis Spellaha V Glo case oa ciara d dlee aia one ewe’ 48 Priotrochatella torrei Clapp, n. sp. (pl. 4, figs. 1-6)...... 47 PE PEALIGH A TECEIVER: .. ci6cs< os cle ninleia clea ee de 35, 69, 106, 144 Rare shells collected in Puget Sound, Washington ...... 105 BUVRGTA OUUME VAD, <u guile eva rae aes eke a 58 SAPS FoI Been ra tara os A sate det PERCY Wi ghiw eniciet discret tang 99 Shells from Angel and Tiburon Islands, Gulf of California 26 Strophitus edentulus pavonius, notes on the Glochidia of 17 See IGRA LON, <eWAMOIN wil Goa oa aienh de amie aeek cas Wee 79 Stylobates aeneus Dall (pl. 6, figs. 8-10)............... 79 aiLets LONE WC ODIO NG he a Biles tia 4 ca le-disinre <,cis0e Saco 72 Systematic position of two species of mussels from the Rr ROM. MAL SID Pee ee OC a Ads das sali miasmmws 13 vl THE NAUTILUS. Tapes philippinarum okupi Bryan ...............-..-. 124 Taremercarta, COW. ia yicc see soso eee 40 Meike hep eee inlets 105 ‘Thracia trapezoides Gon, oi..5 2. eiscpite vs eip ae hee areas 105 Thyasira bisecta.Comm., BOG 01 ....2 0). eevee ane save 103, 105 Trachydermon Carpenter, notes on the genus .......... 1 Trachydermon Carpenter, a further note on the genus... 12 Unio Tastinter al. ee: 6 ies hb es VW om 4 Ok pret epee 139 Ugioditeolus luamares ).. ) 605.645 pee a> 4 eo eine ROE 139 DRmIO PECLOIes WIE Acie. o.(s > obs bee ees Dre ee ee 60 Unio whitei Hend., n. n., for U. rectoides White ........ 60 RUPP DOU Hise os bid vs sb hsb Nes oo vin Re Res See 99 Viviparus contectoides limi, n. n., for V. c. compactus Pils. 71 Vavipara angolaris Bartsch. .',.... 0-0 siksisa nea oe 114, 120 Wavipare .Carnigin arisen 55. ks ea ge ee dod 113 Navrosrus ancaiaris (Maly. oi... sine ep olees ean pe 114 Viviparus burroughianus trinominis Wkvr., n. subsp. .... 120 Raviparus conta CO. GiGi.) sos enc. ce's supe sel hee eee 117 Viviparos cumpmpianus WEr., WN. ... 62's. ei eee eh 118, 114 Viviparus javanicus luzonicus Kob. ............-++e+0: 122 Viviparus tricarinatus (Anton) ...........-..essesene 121 Viviparus zamboangensis Bartsch ..............++000. 123 Wallvexsoseph (Obituary), <..-.'0- css tive ws olin o sw inaien 101 THE NAUTILUS. Vil INDEX TO AUTHORS. PERC OPP ATI Cero) 02 en oh a cha ek (ee Cah eel rsa 19, 94, 97 Reemeaey: Wer breathes are VS MNS cre rough Lh Sinks 4 aaeu ite 15, 53, 126 SETTING oie Spa MIS ge aS fad a Pd 12 LEEDS i Sa 0p a 18S 124 AEST ]EY CP 108 8 RTE Secon pon kage eae aD a BRR ag 78, 104 SATIN TREN ere ns. Me era ea 2 peltid eG hs a ced eee 47, 86 Ce tei ELL. TAL 1s ofa UE SR eS en er Si 58 LOUDUILOSTie 11g Nek e a 2a ae eR 1, 23, 79, 103 TREE IE DI VICMNA ET oie, fo mae hy as VS, ele Gave 17 COVES SEES Tel EE NT 8 ahs aU a 3, 78, 81, 99 DSSCSrE So TE PETS A OE, Sa as GO Ie rR Loe 139 STETEN Es OP NMI [GaP Sa SCT > RI teh eid Re a A ta a Hedley, AUT CR eat Or ret ee coe chet fetadayal chain 2 uke cs BERENS 72 Henderson, 2 TEEPE: Mga i SRA as Ae ane 40, 60, 71, 137 Humphrey, LD TES. Gee cae ata tie=) SFT 8 pean ar eae ei eRe eee ig) Bae 34 MRE MNP PIERS cok Sas Buck a SSR Ola aie arama al are 90, 134 LIT ESS Tr A OR AOS (GA EO a RA Sa RN 3G; 31,00, 101, 107 Res aI ANNE Oeste at ya cj deat’ é.c 1a?) Seal aha wuhe Gate erasehe eee iy; ILO TEST SEN OOS Se Celi a a 1 Sn En RII OBE Ont ete WE 51 MOPED DICER FG. GE ca hay Saray a aes oom ah naa apie a OU bias Moye Reclnearencee Nites Fulah Sees cas 2 sss >. &, «= a tetany eae 26, 28, 105 Ld S23 ad DS Ss >. Se EN oe SR em PD EY 34 bruit s014: bees she J ee ts dal ae Poy |e ea cael paneer 55 brain CUintay EMETC GG oS oes Fos Sua a ahs eh a ee BOs LEOUS Fis 3 9 Oat Sire 2 lle te aa ae 70, 71, 80, 98, 106 reba ag Tee ie pec Ped Se ase, Shui aha Kray Gye aL, are le 12 el MESES MEN ESVAUTN Die} cet Srawcics dlayolnardict gma 0 a colar Setmate 28, 35, 109 TREE FRUICRT D Birs ial on Geers aoa a8, 2 Sees She thes crn ee ates hee 127 ed POR eC Loe JR) bon a Aes Woy sree toed Cao) A na 65 THe oNAUEEE US: Vol. XXXII, JULY, 1918. No. 1 NOTES ON THE GENUS TRACHYDERMON CARPENTER. BY WILLIAM HEALEY DALL. Iredale has already called attention to the two names for Chitons by Gray in 1821. A little fuller discussion of the consequences of the adoption of Gray’s name Lepidochitona seems desirable to make the situation perfectly clear. The synonymy which is pertinent is as follows: Lepidochitona Gray, London Medical Rep., XV, p. 234, 1821. Chiton marginatus (Pennant, = cinereus L., not of Mon- tagu). Stenosemus Middendorff, Malac. Ross. 1, pp. 103, 109, 117, 122, 1848; (1st sp. C. marmoreus Fabr.). Ischnochiton sect.tt, Gray, Guide Moll., p. 182, 1857 (Chiton marginatus) . Trachydermon Carpenter, Suppl. Rep. Br. Assoc., 1864, p. 612 (Chiton dentiens Gould) ; ibid., p. 649: Bull. Essex Inst., p. 1538, 1873 (Chiton ruber (L.) Lowe, not of Spengler). Craspedochiton G. O. Sars, Moll. Reg. Arct. Norv., p. 114, 1878 (Chiton marginatus Pennant, = cinereus L., not of Montagu). Leptochitona Pilsbry, Man. XIV, p. 150, 1892 (err. typ.). Section Tonicella Carpenter. Platysemus Middendorff, (part) Mal. Ross. 1, p. 98, 1848 (C. submarmoreus Midd.). 2 THE NAUTILUS. Tomcella Carpenter, Bull. Essex Inst. V, p. 154, 1873 (Chiton marmoreus Fabricius). Boreochiton G. O. Sars, Moll. Reg. Arct. Norv., p. 116, 1878 (Chaton ruber L., and C. marmoreus Fabricius). Tomciella Thiele, Gebiss d. Schnecken, II, p. 389, 1891 (7. marmorea Fabr.). Section Cyanoplaz Pilsbry. Cyanoplar Pilsbry, Man. XIV, pp. 40, 44, 1892 (Chiton hart- wegu Carpenter). Subgenus Spongioradsia Pilsbry. Spongwradsia Pilsbry, Man. XV, p. 65, 1894 (Trachyradsia aleutica Dall). In view of the similarity of names the following synonymy may be useful: Genus LEPIDOPLEURUS Risso. Lepidopleurus (Leach Ms.) Risso. Hist. Nat. Eur. Mérid. IV, p. 267, 1826 (1st sp. LD. cayetanus (Poli) Risso); G. O. Sars, Moll. Reg. Arct. Norv., p. 110, 1878. Section Leptochiton Gray. Leptochiton Gray, P. Z. S., 1847, p. 127 (Chiton cinereus Mon- tagu (not Linné) = C. asellus Spengler) ; Carpenter, Suppl. Rep. Brit. Assoc., pp. 530, 612, 650, 1864 (1st sp. mentioned as a real member of the genus is Leptochiton nexus Carpenter). ? Lepidochiton Carpenter, Rep. Brit. Assoc., pp. 317, 349, 1857 (1st sp. C. lividus Midd.). Includes also C. merten- si Midd., C. scrobiculatus Midd., and C. proprius Reeve ; the latter = C. dispar Cpr., not Sowerby. I confess to an inability to get anything like systematic order out of Middendorff’s extraordinary tangle of names, except where some subsequent author has fixed a species as type, as in the case of Symmetrogephyrus (Midd., Feb. 1848), which Chenu (Man., p. 383) has declared to be typified by THE NAUTILUS. 3 Chiton pallasii Middendorff, thus displacing the more familiar Amicula (auct. not Gray, 1847) for that group. Lepidochitona Gray, supersedes Trachydermon as indicated by Iredale (Proc. Mal. Soe. London, XI, p. 127, 1914). With the first mention of the latter genus Carpenter associates only two species, OC. pseudodentiens Cpr. (= dentiens Gould) and an undescribed C. gothicus. The former must therefore be taken as type, instead of flectens, though they are really con- generic. As type of Lepidochiton Carpenter, I select his first species, C. lividus Midd., which is an Ischnochiton, but Car- penter apparently regarded it as synonymous with Lepto- chiton, to which he refers the species in his index of 1872. Pilsbry refers the species, in the order above cited, respec- tively to Ischnochiton, Lepidozona, Ischnochiton, and Ischno- radsia. The genus would best be considered a synonym of Ischnochiton, especially as no one seems to have quoted it after Carpenter, and he did not clear it up in his MS. In regard to Leptochiton, I am inclined to agree with Berry that the west coast and Arctic forms are so different from the typical Lepidopleurus cayetanus that a sectional separation is appropriate. CAMPING IN THE SIERRAS AND THE DESERT. PLATEI. BY JAS. H. FERRISS. Late in June of last year, facing westward I departed from the home snailery in search of adventure, and returned about the first of May this year. At the Grand Canyon of the Colorado a couple of very warm days was devoted to the Bright Angel trail, digging vainly for Sonorella betheli. The Vernal Falls, Yosemite Valley, California, offered an- other opportunity, with a yield of three Epiphragmophoras, one of these the E. hillebrandi yosemitensis, discovered there by Mr. Herbert N. Lowe. This was the opening of another season of delight in the California mountains. For nearly a 4 THE NAUTILUS. month we camped with the Sierra Club at the Tuolumne Meadows, making side trips from there in search of snails and other kinds of trout. Then eastward with our own pack train for more than another month over the high passes, with a side trip to Silver Lake, down into the branches of the San Joa- quin, and over the John Muir Pass to the Middle Fork of the Kings River. At Tehipite valley we left the Middle Fork, westward crossed the North Fork, and hit the main river at Trimmer, where we left our mules and took the auto stage for Sanger and Fresno. Out for health, and in no hurry, the opportunities for col- lecting were the best. The high altitudes, glaciers and snow banks were another world. In the valleys, with a wealth of flowers, birds, and trout, and the grandest scenery upon the continent, we rested several days at every camping place, as a rule. At Palisade creek we halted nearly a week and had golden trout for every meal. But the snails were small, and few in number of specimens and species. Riding up the zigzag out of the Tehipite valley the silvery track of a snail was found on the trail, and in half a day I dug up a dozen Epiphragmophoras, looking like £. traski, the only large shell found since leaving the Yosemite. Like a Sonorella, they were living in a pile of rocks well cov- ered with leaves and rotten wood. Between trips we hunted up old friends and collections. Some of these were mail-order friends of long standing, and we were greatly pleased to see what they looked like. At Berke- ley it was the Alaska bear skins, H. S. Swarth and Robert Grinnell. At Oakland, Fred L. Button, who gave us a two- night exhibition of his shells. At the Academy of Sciences, Golden Gate Park, Barton W. Evermann and the Henry Hemphill collection of western land shells. At the Leland Stanford University, Mr. and Mrs. Oldroyd and the Hemphill duplicates. At Los Angeles, the fossil bones from the asphalt beds. The collections and the collectors demonstrate the Cali- fornia spirit, and were far beyond our expectations. Tucson likewise, Thornber, Cummins, Voorhies and Taylor at the University of Arizona, McDougal and Shreve at the THE NAUTILUS. 5 Carnegie Desert Laboratory are ‘‘live wires’’ in the natural sciences. Also explorers. Exploring begets good health, and good health begets enthusiasm. Also, Arizona is apparently the head center of natural history, so many species in botany and zoology have their beginning here. By the way, a news- paper reporter at Tucson gave us a reputation for the dis- covery of 650 new species of snails in Arizona! In figures it is well to give out type-written copy to the press. Then no embarrassing apologies to university clubs will be needful. To eliminate a limp which interfered with snail-catching more and more, I went into a hospital at Tucson, and a month or two was taken out of this great vacation; but on the whole a large collection was made. With mules for the high desert ranges and a Ford for the smaller ones, one in the conva- lescent stage may make a good showing. Some of the hills are only 150 feet in height, and with a level desert floor we could almost collect from the machine. At one point it was not more than ten feet from snails to Ford. We seldom walked ten miles in one day, for with the larger mountains and their long and rough mesas we could ride within a half-mile of the snails. Within the recent geologic period apparently there was a heavy rainfall (Noah’s perhaps), so heavy that the large boulders were thrown out upon both sides of the channel, and thus these gulches are often heavily diked on the lower slopes of the mountain. These dikes are often the best collecting grounds, especially in dry weather; the fortifications of five or six feet in depth and twenty wide are easily explored. To catch a live snail at home in some of the larger slides higher up, a steam shovel and a full equipment of quarrymen is needed. On horseback, with Frank Cole as guide, a trapper, hunter, prospector, forester, now a good snail-hunter and a wonderful cook, I made another trip through the Catalinas and Rincons, finding more of the rough-barked Sonorellas. Then into the Galuras, where we captured a smooth-bark Sonorella with a diameter of 32 millimeters. At Tucson my partner on the California trips and many others joined the party for a winter 6 THE NAUTILUS. in the desert. To her it seemed a dreary prospect, but a short trip into the Tucson range with its mesas forested with orchard-like trees and giant cactus, the ever-changing botan- ical societies, wild pigs, deer, mountain sheep, quail and very toothsome cottontails, told another story. The desert was as interesting as the mountains, and the weather in winter was summer-like without excessive heat or annoying insects. With extra tanks of gasoline upon our running-board, any place was home, the tent a parlor, and auto cushions a mattress. There was no lack of firewood or water. The Tucson range, only an hour or so from the city, was particularly home-like. The first day in camp, Cole brought in a wild pig and baked it. With hot biscuit and steaming coffee, and the fruit and goodies brought from town, we had such a Christmas dinner, with surely as good an appetite, as in ye good old days, and it was on Christmas day. And, too, in a dining hall with columns and arches of living green, with prickers so long an unruly guest would not scratch the var- nish. Our mistletoe decorations were generous, for there are eleven species and varieties in Arizona. Here we found our largest catch in Sonorellas, the rare fern Cheilianthes pring- leyi and the most beautiful member of the fish-hook group of eactus, Echinocactus leconter. From our camps westward towards the Silver Bell range, twenty miles away, it was a thick forest of the giant cactus, paloverde, mesquite and iron wood a8 far as the eye could see. Cole brought in a good pair of mountain sheep horns laid out by some lion or wolf about a year ago, and I dug up a nice diamond rattler the second day out. There are eleven species and varieties of rattlers in this state also. We made seven camps on the west side of the range—Pic- tured Rocks, Rattler, Sheephorn, Wild Pig, Twin Cacti (Plate I), Cat Mountain and Limekiln. Sonorellas were found at 37 stations in five weeks. I worked about half time. We also gave about the same amount of time to the ranges. west, going as far as Ajo, and then I was in trim to work full time. These mountains west of the city of Tucson rise from a lower level than the Catalinas, Santa Ritas and the ranges THE NAUTILUS. 7 eastward. The higher peaks are supposed to run up to 8,000 feet above the sea. Very few are named, and so far as we could learn none have been surveyed. The Baboquivari sys tem starts at the Mexican line and runs a little west of north. As the Baboquivaris, they are 40 miles in length, then known as Coyotes for 7 miles, as the Roskruge 20, as the Abbie Waterman 10, and as the Silver Bell 10 miles. We hit only a few high spots in the first three, and I collected at one small slide in the latter. On the road to Ajo we had good success in Sonorellas in the small hills along the Comovo route, and here we first saw the organ cactus and the crucifix tree. Around the Ajo moun- tains—Wall’s Wells and Montezuma Head—and the several nearby ranges, we were unable to find any traces of Sono- rellas. The last Sonorella station west was at a small group of hills where the sign board of the Interior Department read ‘‘Tueson 101 miles’’. Beyond that the basalt rocks were cov- ered with white dust that may have been alkali, or the granite had a face so sharp and dry the snails on a hike would require tennis shoes and a canteen. A mining prospector afterwards told us shells were to be found near the south end of the Big Ajo range where there was a small spring and walnut trees, and that they were also in the Mesquites, a range near the Mexican border. We anticipated a change in conditions, and perhaps Mexican or new groups of snails, and we still feel that something may be found in this field—perhaps in the Mesquite and border ranges, or in the Growlers, a forty-mile range west of Ajo—when the Mexican bandits are a little less active among the southern cattle ranges. On the back track we returned by way of the Covered Wells and White Wells crossing the Quijota range, but found only a few Pupas, Succineas, and other small ones until we camped near some abandoned silver prospects in the southern end. We hunted the placer holes for rattlers without success but found a tiger rattler and Sonorellas in the rocks. We also had further luck in the foot-hills at the southern end of the Cababi range, where Mr. Cole had found Sonorellas in 1914. Nearly all of this western half of Pima County is occupied 8 THE NAUTILUS. by the Papago Indians. Their horses, cattle, corn and wheat fields, and villages are numerous, and we were under many obligations to them for their good wells. Converted by the Catholic Fathers some three hundred years ago, and with the assistance of the Presbyterians since, they have become an in- dustrious people, fat and very rich. Their housing is not pretentious, as with wealthy white men, but evidently sani- tary, for the male in weight averages about 260 and his help- meet about 180. The white men covet the Papago’s grass and browsing, and would like a mix-up; but Uncle Sam at present is plainly giving the Indian a square deal. Between the Tucson Range and the Ajo we collected at 55 stations, sampling the hills here and there. Other expeditions were made to the Serritas, to the Rosemont and Greaterville mining districts on the east side of the Santa Ritas, and to the Empire and Mustang Ranges on our way to visit old friends in the Huachucas. A. F. Berner, an old friend of the botan- ists and snail hunters, was found in hard luck. He is now blind and has been confined to his bed with rheumatism for two years. The entomologist, Biedermann, is more fortunate. He has been remarkably successful with beetles and moths, and he is now an acknowledged leader in grafting. With 99 per cent success he has made the Carr Canyon walnuts pro- duce the best of European walnuts, and the Black Hamburgs are now picked from the wild vines of his homestead. He hopes to exhibit home-grown chestnuts in another year, from the mountain oaks. They do it in France. Happy Jack is a prosperous merchant on the Ocean-to-Ocean auto way. In the Empire Range, draining into the Santa Cruz River, and the Mustangs, draining into the San Pedro, we found both Holospira and Oreohelixz as well as Sonorella. Here was fur- ther evidence of ancient ‘‘Noah flood’’ mischief. Deep in the clay of the gulches of the Mustang slopes were Sonorellas and Oreohelix, not to be found alive, or mixed in with the species now living. I worked hard a day and a half to find them alive or freshly dead, but other peaks and gulches had only subfossils of their kind. A like condition existed along the Bright Angel trail in the Grand Canyon. Since my former THE NAUTILUS. 9 visit floods had cut the clay banks and turned up a subfossil species of Oreoheliz not now found alive on the south rim. Thus ends my longest adventure, and perhaps the most fruitful. Collections were made at 187 stations, and with something over 140 sets of duplicates thrown into the basket by generous California friends, we will have about 500 sep- arate lots to check up and discuss later. Joliet, Ill., June, 1918. NEW VARIETIES OF NAIADES FROM LAKE ERIE. BY N. M. GRIER. While the general distinction between the Naiades of Lake Erie and their parent forms of the Ohio drainage have already been commented upon by Walker, (1) representatives in Lake Erie of at least three of the parental forms have never been given the varietal distinction they deserve. The parent species following the nomenclatorial changes proposed by Frierson (2) and Vanatta (3) are Fusconaia flava (Raf.), Elliptio dila- tatus (Raf.), and Symphynota (Lasmigona) costata (Raf.). The comparisons between them and their Lake Erie represen- tatives were made with the aid of Simpson’s Descriptive Catalogue. ELLIPTIO DILATATUS Var. STERKII, new variety. Differs from typical dilatatus by its smaller size, less elon- gated and proportionately higher shell. Always inflated, not so pointed posteriorly. Ventral line rather straight, beaks more anterior in position. Epidermis in dilatatus dark brown and horn or yellowish, surface usually with uneven growth lines. In sterku, epidermis always smooth or polished, light olive green to yellowish brown to reddish brown. Nacre in dilatatus mostly dark purple, salmon and white; that of sterku is lavender, light reddish purple, pearl-blue. The following table gives maximum, minimum and mean dimensions of 52 shells each of parent and variety: 10 THE NAUTILUS. E. dilatatus Var. sterkia Length Height Diameter Length Height Diameter 130mm. 60mm. 35mm. 87mm. 46mm. 28mm. 86mm. 41mm. 24mm. 59mm. 3lmm. 18mm. 30mm. 16mm. 7 mm. 26mm. 13mm. 7mm. Factors obtained from above by comparison of length with height and diameter show that greater height and inflation rest with sterku—51% and 30% as against 48% and 25%. In variety sterku, the average distance of the beaks from the anterior extremity of the shell is 18% of the total length; in dilatatus this is 25%. There appears to be no substantial difference between values obtained with Simpson’s measure- ments and my own. This new variety is respectfully dedicated to Dr. V. C. Sterki, who first commented upon the distinction between it and the stream forms. (4) Type no. 61. 4268, card catalogue Carnegie Museum. LASMIGONA COSTATA var. EREGANENSIS, new variety. Variety eriganensis is smaller, less elongated and propor- tionately lower than costata. Ventral line straight. Epider- mis in costata light horn-color to dark chestnut in old speci- mens, surface usually with uneven growth lines. In eriga- nensis always smooth or polished, greenish olive to reddish brown to chocolate-brown, even growth lines. Nacre in costata eream-color to lavender or blue. In variety ertganensis, pink- ish, buff or salmon-color. Average for 20 shells: costata var. eriganensis Length Height Diameter Length Height Diameter 137mm. 78mm. 42mm. 90mm. 46mm. 31mm. 96mm. 55mm. 27mm. 72mm. 40mm. 23mm. 55mm. 31mm. 14mm. 65mm. 36mm. 19mm. Factors secured as previously show that costata is propor- tionately higher than var. eriganensis, 56% against 53%, but THE NAUTILUS. 11 is not so inflated 27% against 832%. My measurements of costata check readily with those of Simpson. Type no. 61.4720, card catalogue, Carnegie Museum. FUSCONAIA FLAVA var. PARVULA, new variety. Variety parvula differs chiefly in size from flava, being smaller although proportionately higher and more inflated. Epidermis of flava yellowish to dark horn-color; in var. par- vula, yellowish green, greenish olive. Surface with even growth lines. Nacre of typical flava mostly white, tinged with salmon in the beak; of parvula, pinkish-color or to pale blue. Dimensions: flava var. parvula Length Height Diameter Length Height Diameter 91mm. 60mm. 37mm. 59mm. 45mm. 30mm. 36mm. 438mm. 25mm. 36mm. 28mm. 18mm. 27mm. 24mm. 25mm. 13mm. 11mm. 8 mm. Ratio of length to height and diameter in flava—77% and 42%. Ratio of length to height and diameter in var. parvula— 79% and 51%. Similar results are obtained from Simpson’s measurements of flava. Type no. 61.4513 card catalogue, Carnegie Museum. The type specimens of the above three new varieties were collected by Dr. A. E. Ortmann at Big Bend, Presque Isle Bay, Lake Erie, July 8-12, 1910, and kindly entrusted to me for description. They appear to be generally distributed throughout Lake Erie. 1. Walker, Bryant. ‘‘Unione Fauna of the Great Lakes.’’ Nautilus, 27, 1913. 2. Frierson, L. S. ‘‘Remarks on Classification of Unionide.”’ Nautilus, 28, 1914. 12 THE NAUTILUS. 3. Vanatta, E.S. ‘‘Rafinesque Type of Unio.’’ Proc. Acad. Nat. Sciences, Philadelphia, 1916. 4. Sterki, V. ‘‘A Preliminary Catalogue of the Land and Freshwater Mollusca of Ohio.’’ Proc. Ohio Acad. Sci- ence, IV, pt. 8. A FURTHER NOTE ON THE GENUS TRACHYDERMON. BY 8S. STILLMAN BERRY, REDLANDS, CALIFORNIA. Since the publication of my note on the chiton genus 7'ra- chydermon in the Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences, (4), vol. 7, p. 245, September, 1917, Mr. Tom Ire- dale has supplied me with the interesting information that Trachydermon Carpenter 1864 is preoccupied, and hence can- not be used in Polyplacophora in any sense. This consider- ably clarifies the whole situation by rendering needless any further investigation as to which species is properly to be re- garded as the type of the genus. At the same time the pecu- liar group of West American chitons comprising the old Tra- chydermon. flectens Carpenter and the remarkable Mopalia heathii of Pilsbry is automatically left without a name. Hav- ing ascertained from Mr. Iredale that he is chiefly concerned with certain other consequences of the nomenclatural tangle we have discussed and has, himself, no intention of taking up the present question, I feel at liberty to propose the new generic name, Basiliochiton, based upon Mopalia heathii Pils- bry 1898 as its typical representative. A cogent argument for the selection of this rather than the older species as the type of the genus is that the whereabouts, if not the very existence, of the type specimen of Carpenter’s flectens appears to be unknown. I had supposed it to be in the British Museum, but Mr. Iredale writes me that it is not there. It is possible that it was destroyed along with so many other Carpenterian specimens in the San Francisco conflagration of 1906. A further and fuller discussion of this group of chitons will appear in a forthcoming publication. THE NAUTILUS. 13 THE 8YSTEMATIC POSITION OF TWO SPECIES OF MUSSELS FROM THE OZARKS. BY DR. A. E, ORTMANN. Kurynia (MicroMYA) VENuSTA (Lea). Lampsilis venusta Simpson, Synopsis, 1900, p. 543. — Deser. Catal., 1914, p. 89. A large number of specimens has been received from L. S. Frierson, collected by A. A. Hinkley on July 30, 1914, in James River, at Galena, Stone Co., Mo. Specimens of this lot have been sent to B. Walker, who also believes them to belong to U. venustus Lea, a species closely allied, on the one hand, to ZL. ellipstformis (Conr.) (Simpson, 1914, p. 128), and, on the other hand, to L. pleasi (Marsh) (Simpson, p. 129). In fact, the latter is hardly anything else but a smaller and thinner venusta. I have no doubt that all three group together, and very likely the anatomy will be the same. Utterback (Amer. Midl. Natural, 4, 1916, p. 141) places ellipsiformis in the genus Nephronaias, but I do not think that this is correct, since he describes the papille on the mantle edge. Call (Tr. Acad. St. Louis, 7, 1895, p. 57) believes that pleasi is identical with venustus, and, according to Frierson (in litt.), venustus is the same as ellipsiformis. Meek & Clark (Bur. Fisher, Doc. no. 759, 1912, p. 19) mention, from Big Buffalo Fork, Lampsilis venusta, which, according to their remarks, is this form. Anatomy: Soft parts (36 6 and 3 sterile 2° are at hand) of the usual Eurynia-structure. Anal and supraanal openings separated by a moderate mantle connection. Anal with dis- tinct crenulations, branchial with papille. Posterior margins of palpi connected at base only. Inner lamina of inner gill entirely connected with abdominal sac. Marsupium in posterior half of outer gill, with a rather larger non-marsupial section at posterior end. Ovisacs about 15 to 20. Mantle margin, in front of branchial, slightly lamellar, with small, irregular papilla, which are not crowded. 14 THE NAUTILUS. and extend forward nearly to the middle of the lower margin, becoming quite distant and small in front. Color of soft parts whitish, with black pigment around anal and branchial openings, and a brown or blackish streak run- ning forward on mantle margin on the inside of the papille. Edge of marsupium with brown pigment. This species undoubtedly belongs near the group, of which E. vanuxemensis may be regarded as the type. The anatomy is practically the same, and the papille on the mantle margin are very much alike. Also in the shell are certain common peculiarities, since E. venusta has, in the female, an indication of that peculiar ‘‘constriction’’ seen in the vanuxremensis group. Our species, however, differs in the more elongate shell, weak development of postbasal expansion of the female, which is located rather more anteriorly, thus suggesting, to a degree, the shape seen in Mediomdus plateolus (= conradi), with which species U. pleasi has been compared by Marsh. My specimens have a strong tendency to become more or less intensely of a salmon-color in the nacre. This seems to be a species characteristic for the Ozark region, LAMPSILIS BREVICULA (Call). L. brevicula and L. brevicula brittsi Simpson, 1900, p. 533.— 1914, pp. 57, 58. L. brittst Simps. is an absolute synonym of brevicula Call: the differences mentioned by Simpson do not hold good at all. The emargination of the posterior basal margin of the female shell is not always present, probably only in old specimens [as in L. satura (Lea)]. Among my material there are no speci- mens which show it. A number of individuals is at hand from James River, Ga- lena, Stone Co., Mo., and from White River, at Cotter and Norfolk, Baxter Co., Ark. (L. S. Frierson donor). From Galena and Cotter I have specimens with soft parts, collected Juwy 31 and August 2, 1914 (by A. A. Hinkley). Among them is a gravid female, caught in the act of discharging glochidia (July 31), so that this date indicates the end of the breeding season. THE NAUTILUS. 15 Anatomy of the Lampsilis type, and agreeing almost com- pletely with that of L. luteola (see: Ann. Carn. Mus., 8, 1912, p. 348). The mantle flap is of the same shape as in this species, with the edge irregularly toothed, the largest teeth standing on the free, anteriorly projecting lobe, giving it a lacerated appearance. Also the color markings are the same (streak of black or brown pigment, and I think I ean distin- guish in some of my specimens an indistinct eye-spot). Glochidia suboval, agreeing in shape and size with those of L. luteola; their L. is 0.23, their H. 0.28 mm. Surber has fig- ured them [Rep. U.S. Comm. Fish. for 1914, App. 1915 (Fish. Doe. no. 313), pl. 1, f. 14]. His measurements are: 0.230 0.290, while Utterback (for var. brittsi, Am. Midl. Nat., 4, 1916, p. 173 gives: 0.250 0.305. According to its anatomy, this species falls in the luteola group of Lampsilis, and represents a peculiar type of it, which seems to be restricted to the Ozark region, and may be re- garded as having. the same relation to L. luteola as has L. fasciola (= multiradiata) to L. ventricosa. (Smaller, thin- shelled form, with numerous fine, broken rays; the shell is, in the average, less elongated than that of luteola). I do not understand why Utterback (1. ¢.) places this species in the genus Hurynia, since he describes very well the flap of the mantle margin. NEW LANDSHELLS FROM THE PHILIPPINES.! BY PAUL BARTSCH. HEMIPLECTA SAGITTIFERA BATANENSIS, new subspecies. Mr. Walter F. Webb, of Rochester, N. Y., has sent to the U. S. National Museum two Hemiplectas from the island of Batan, off northern Luzon, which belong to the sagittifera complex. This is a dark-colored race, which agrees fairly well in size with typical sagittcfera from the Sinait region of Luzon, the type locality of Hemiplecta sagittiffera, but is considerably 1 Published by permission of the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution. 16 THE NAUTILUS. more depressed and of much darker coloration. The basal portion of the last whorl is also less inflated. The aperture is proportionately longer and more compressed. The type, Cat. No. 218765, U. S. N. M., has 4.4 whorls and measures: alti- tude, 23 mm.; greater diameter, 50.2 mm.; lesser diameter, 38.5 mm. OBBA LISTERI BATANENSIS, new subspecies. The Obba from the island of Batan, is also distinct from any of the other forms known from the Philippines, as shown by specimens received from Mr. Webb. It belongs to the Obba listeri complex. It is nearest related to Obba listeri costata Semper, from the island of Camigin, of the Babuyan Group, north of Luzon. It differs from this markedly by its more regularly conic outline, somewhat greater elevation, paler ground color, and rougher incremental sculpture. The type, Cat. No. 218764, U. S. N. M., has 4.4 whorls and measures: altitude, 10 mm.; greater diameter, 26.7 mm.; lesser diam- eter, 22.1 mm. COCHLOSTYLA POLYCHROA BURIASENSIS, new subspecies. Specimens of the Cochlostyla polychroa complex sent to the U.S. National Museum for determination have made it neces- sary to critically examine that group. This examination has revealed the fact that most of the specimens in collections passing under this name are from the island of Burias. The type locality for Cochlostyla polychroa is Temple Island, an island adjacent to Burias. A series of specimens from this island in the collection of the National Museum show that the shells of the typical form, that is Cochlostyla polychroa poly- chroa, are larger, decidedly more elevated and conic than the specimens from the island of Burias. The coloration, too, is much more vivid in the Burias shells than those from Temple Island. I shall therefore bestow the name Cochlostyla poly- chroa buriasensis upon the shells from Burias Island. The type of this shell, Cat. No. 218788, U. S. N. M., has 4.7 whorls and measures: altitude, 35 mm.; greater diameter, 30.7 mm. THE NAUTILUS. 17 NOTES ON THE GLOCHIDIA OF STROPHITUS EDENTULUS PAVONIUS (LEA) FROM COLORADO. BY M. M. ELLIS AND MARIE KEIM. While collecting material for class use from St. Vrain Creek, near Longmont, Colorado, December 6, 1817, 25 specimens of Strophitus edentulus pavonius (Lea) (det. J. Henderson) were obtained. Of these, 15 contained large numbers of well- developed glochidia. These glochidia soon freed themselves from the cords when the cords were placed in water after being removed from the gills of the parent mussels, and each individual glochidium began active snapping movements. Many individuals lived for two or three days after leaving the cords and continued active all the while. This record of gravid specimens of Strophitus edentulus pavonius is later in the year than any record given by Surber (Bur. Fish. Doe..771, 1912) for Strophitus edentulus from the Mississippi River, November being the last month in which he found glochidia-bearing individuals of that species. When compared with the figures and deseription given by Surber (1. ¢.) for Strophitus edentulus, the glochidia of these Colorado mussels of the variety pavonius were found to differ in both size and proportion from the Strophitus edentulus type. As these differences may have some taxonomic signifi- cance, occurring as they do in the glochidia of a variety of Strophitus edentulus taken near the western edge of the range of that variety, the following description of the glochidium of Strophitus edentulus pavonium is given. General shape that of the Anodonta type as given by Surber (1. ec.) but of a form intermediate between that of Strophitus edentulus (fig. 3, 1. ¢.) and that of Anodonta grandis (fig. 45, l. ¢.); hinge line straight; depth slightly greater than the length; marginal spines three, well developed, the median spine being slightly longer than the two lateral spines; from seven to ten rows of spines, counting the marginal row, on each valve; end of the adductor muscle showing from 35 to 50 distinct bundles of fibers. The exact measurements of 20 specimens are given below. 18 THE NAUTILUS. Length in micra Depth in micra , Length in micra Depth in micra 254 280 260 264 256 260 260 264 258 264 260 280 260 266 264 274 260 280 266 272 260 272 266 272 260 270 268 272 260 272 270 280 260 270 272 280 260 270 272 280 The modal average of the specimens examined gives an aver- age length of about 260 and an average depth of about 270, the range of variation being 254 to 272 for the length and 260 to 280 for the depth. Surber (p. 8, l. c.) states that the length is greater than the depth in Strophitus edentulus and gives 350 for the length and 285 for the depth as average measurements. The behavior of the living glochidia was interesting in the light of the work of Lefevre and Curtis (Bur. Fish. Doe. 756, 1912) on the metamorphosis of Strophitus edentulus without parasitism. These writers state (p. 173) that they were un- able to bring about the attachment of the glochidia to fish. Our glochidia of Strophitus edentulus pavonius were offered cills from.the Topminnow, Fundulus zebrinis Jordan & Gil- bert and of the Sunfish Lepomis cyanellus Rafinesque (these two species of fishes are found in St. Vrain Creek) imme- diately after the gills were removed from the body of the fish. Fish blood caused an evident increase in the activity of the glochidia and several glochidia seized gill filaments. Once attached the glochidia remained on the gill filament until the experiment was discontinued, i. e. for several hours. No attempt to infect living fish with the glochidia of Strophitus edentulus pavonius was made, but the behavior of the living glochidia suggests physiological differences between the glo- chidia of Strophitus edentulus and these western specimens of Strophitus edentulus pavomus. University of Colorado, May, 1918. THE NAUTILUS. 19 NOTES ON NIDIFICATION IN GILLIA AND AMNICOLA. BY FRANK COLLINS BAKER. Observations on the nidification and embryology of our American fresh-water mollusks are rare; and contributions to our knowledge of this subject, though they may not be exten- sive, are of value. With this need for additional knowledge in mind, the writer ventures to present the following frag- mentary notes on the nidification of two common genera of American Amnicolide, two species of which have but recently been described. The observations were made while conducting quantitative studies of the animal life of Oneida Lake, New York State’s largest inland body of water. The eggs of four genera of mollusks were observed at this time (the latter part of July and the first part of August), Gillia, Amnicola, Galba, and Physa. Only the first two genera are considered in this paper. It was hoped that time would permit a more extensive study of these embryos, but the quantitative studies extended to such a late date that there was no opportunity to carry on the very interesting studies on the development of these snails, which would have been of great interest and some value. The information gathered, however, may be consid- ered a contribution to our knowledge of the embryology of these mollusks and may stimulate other students to a study of our fresh-water gastropods. Gillva altilis (ea). PI. 2, figs. 1-8. Gillia altilis is a very common species in Oneida Lake in the quiet bays, among vegetation. Egg-laying apparently takes place late in June or early in July. In eggs examined July 31st, the embryos were nearly ready to be hatched, the embryonic shell being fully formed. Eggs were observed on six species of plants; Vallisneria spiralis (abundant near base), Pomatogeton robbinsw (on lower three or four leaves), Potamogeton perfoliatus, Scirpus smithii, Scirpus americanus, and Sagittaria latifolia. The eggs are laid singly (never in a capsule as in the 20 THE NAUTILUS. fresh-water pulmonates), either alone or in groups of one, two, or more, but never exceeding six in any one group (as far as observed). As a rule, many eggs were crowded in a small space on the plant surface (see figures 1-3). On some plants but one side of a leaf contained eggs while other leaves contained eggs on both sides of the leaf. Several areas of the leaves of different plants were measured and the number of eggs in this area were counted, with the result shown in table No. 1. These figures indicate the great abundance of the eggs of this mollusk. The leaf used for attachment was generally of a living plant, but in many cases the dead and partly decayed leaves and pieces of plants were utilized for this purpose. In the table all leaves were about 6 mm. wide. Taste No. 1. Number of Eggs of Gillia altilis on Plants. Plant. Length of Leaf. No. of Eggs. Vallisneria spiralis ........... 50 mm. 70 4 hi Atoka Reeieciee 4 60 mm. 160 a) AO Py re ee 50 mm. 22 "a Sent! | a Nahare Samet tris 100 mm. 69 Yi Ertl! bi sents eecte ete 75 mm. 132 3 13 CAL DA LA Pee ae 75 mm. 73 v Rie: ‘fie atet ath 4 bb 90 mm. 68 “H “Ad. Auk Seder ee Brae 45 mm. 33 The eggs are somewhat hemispherical in form, 1.25 mm. in diameter, the thickness being about a third of the diameter. Upwards of 80 per cent of the eggs contained living embryos, the balance being dead; a number of these were filled with protozoa. The envelope of the egg is very transparent and the embryo is transparent enough to permit some of the organs of the body to be seen through the mantle and trans- parent shell. The heart, placed near the aperture of the shell, was observed to pulsate very rapidly in all the embryos, in one individual 87 pulsations per minute. Nearly all of the embryos were in an advanced stage of de- velopment, the embryonic shell as well as the external organs of the body—rostrum, tentacles, eyes, operculum, ete.—being fully formed (fig. 4). The embryos moved about in the egg THE NAUTILUS. vA in the same manner that adult Gillia and other Amnicolide browse over vegetation, the proboscis moving slowly about and the radula being protruded as in the adult animal. There appeared to be a regular circular movement of the embryo around the area of the egg capsule. A favorite position of the young animal when at rest is shown in figure 5. The rostrum appears to be cleft at the extremity in some individ- uals and the anterior part of the foot varies greatly in form when the young animal is active (fig. 6). The embryonic shell is transparent, spermaceti-white in color and about 1.25 mm. in diameter. It consists of rather more than one whorl which enlarges rapidly (fig. 7). The nucleus and a large part of the shell is covered with very fine spiral lines, the lines of growth beginning abruptly near the aperture. The umbilicus is of medium size and rather deep (fig. 8). Amnicola oneida or bakeriana Pilsbry. Pl. 2, figs. 9, 10. The lenticular eggs of Ammnicola (figs. 9, 10) were notably abundant in many localities covering all objects on the bot- tom, including living and dead vegetation, dead and living shells, and bottom debris. Two species, recently described,* are represented. It is impossible to differentiate the eggs of the two species, as both occurred with the eggs, but it is sus- pected that the narrower form of egg (fig. 9) is from oneida and the wider form from bakeriana (fig. 10). It will be noted that the form of these eggs differs from the figure given by Stimpson * for Amnicola limosa in which the egg is much attenuated at both ends. The eggs of the new Amnicola were especially abundant in filamentous alge (Cladophora fracta and @dogonium species), the long filaments often being cov- ered with the lens-shaped eggs. Scirpus, Vallisneria, and other plants were also used for attachment. An effort was made to ascertain the number of eggs on certain species of plants in a measured area, with the result shown in table No. 2. In Vallisneria, eggs occurred on both sides of the leaf. 1 Pilsbry, NAUTILUS, XXX, pp. 44-46, 1917. 2 Researches upon the Hydrobiinae, ete., Smith, Miss. Coll., fig. 7, 1865. 22 THE NAUTILUS. TABLE No. 2. Number of Eggs of Amnicola on Plants. Plant. Vallusneria spiralis ........... ee ce ae oe oe ce ee e oe ce ce ce ce cc Potamogeton perfoliatus, stem. . Potamogeton robbinsit, leaf .... Scirpus occidentalis ........... cc ce ce oe Ce op era 66 © be ce ce Scirpus americanus ........... ae ac ce ce Size. CVO Orn Or No. of Eggs. Quantitative studies show that Ammnicola is the dominant genus of mollusks in the part of Oneida Lake examined, and the vast number of the eggs of this snail indicates that the group is fully maintaining itself. This fact is of importance economically, as several fish of food value—perch, pumpkin- seed, bluégill, sunfish, catfish, sucker—as well as a few smaller fish preyed upon by larger and valuable food fish, use these snails as food. The eggs of Amnicola were observed in mid- summer (July 25 to Aug. 4), and the condition of the em- bryos (in the trochosphere stage) indicate that they would be hatched from the middle to the latter part of August. EXPLANATION OF FIGURES, PLATE 2. om © De . Eggs of Gillia altilis on leaf of Scirpus smithit. . Eggs of Gillia altiis on leaf of Vallisneria spiralis. . A single egg of Gillia on leaf of Vallisneria. . Embryo of Gillia about ready to hatch. . Embryo of Gillia in resting position. THE NAUTILUS. 23 6. Embryo of Gillia; forms assumed by fore part of foot. 7. Shell of Gillia altilis, top view showing rapid enlarge- ment of whorl. 8. Shell of Gallia viewed from the front. 9. Egg of Amnicola (? oneida) on leaf of Vallisneria. 10. Egg of Amnicola (? bakeriana). PLEISTOCENE FOSSILS OF MAGDALENA BAY, LOWER CALIFORNIA, COLLECTED BY CHARLES RUSSELL ORCUTT. BY WILLIAM HEALEY DALL. In a recent visit to Magdalena Bay, Mr. Orcutt obtained a series of Pleistocene fossils from a deposit on Magdalena Island which prove very interesting. A number of the species average larger than the recent forms of the same name, others, like Strombus granulatus, are uniformly smaller. Many of the species have not been reported from so far north in the recent state, and on the whole the assembly has a more topical aspect than that of the recent fauna. One or two of the largest forms appear to be new. The list follows: Bullaria aspersa A. Adams. Terebra armillata Hinds. Conus fergusoni Sowerby. Conus vittatus Hwass. Conus, cf. ximenes Gray. Conus purpurascens Broderip. Conus lucidus Mawe. Conus tornatus Broderip. Surcula maculosa Sowerby. Crassispira nigerrima Sow- erby. Cancellaria obesa Sowerby. Cancellaria candida Sowerby. Cancellaria cassidiformis Sowerby. Lyria (Enaeta) cumingi Broderip. Vasum caestus Broderip. Oliva incrassata Solander. Olivella dama Mawe. Phyllonotus stearnsii Dall, n. sp. Phyllonotus bicolor Valenci- ennes. Phyllonotus princeps Brod- erip. Solenosteira anomala Reeve. Patellipurpura patula La- marck. Thais biserialis Blainville. Thais kiosquiformis Duclos. Macron aethiops Reeve. Arcularia tegula Reeve. Strombina dorsata Sowerby. 24 THE NAUTILUS. Strombina solidula Reeve. Strombus gracilior Sowerby. Strombus granulatus Wood. Cypraea annettae Dall. Trivia radians Lamarck. Cerithium gemmatum Hinds. Turritella nodulosa King. Neverita recluziana Deshayes, small variety. Polinices uber Valenciennes. Crepidula excavata Broderip. Crucibulum imbricatum Sow- erby. Crucibulum spinosum Sow- erby. Fissurella voleano Reeve. Fissuridea murina Carpenter. Astraea undosa Wood. Ostrea veatchi Gabb. Pecten circularis Sowerby. Cardium biangulatum Sow- erby. Cardium procerum Sowerby. Metis alta Conrad. Tagelus violaceus Carpenter. Parvilucina approximata Dall. Phacoides lamprus Dall. Phacoides lingualis Carpenter. Diplodonta (Felaniella) seri- cata Reeve. Diplodonta orbella Gould. Divaricella eburnea Reeve. Aligena cerittensis Arnold. Dosinia ponderosa Gray. Macrocallista squalida Sow- erby. Macrocallista orcutti n. sp. Chione succincta Valenci- ennes. Chione undatella Sowerby. Anomalocardia rugosa Sow- erby. Cyathodonta undulata Con- rad. Cryptomya californica Con- rad. Schizothaerus nuttallii Con- rad, var. capax Gould. Panope generosa var. taeniata n. var. Macrocallista orcutti n. sp. Shell ovate-triangular, convex, inequilateral, solid and very heavy, six inches long, the beaks two and one-half inches be- hind the anterior end, incurved, prosocoelous, having neither lunule nor escutcheon; the surface smooth except for slight incremental undulations, irregular, but stronger toward the ends and near the base, where they are sometimes supple- mented by fine striations; anterior slope more abrupt than the posterior, both ends rounded, the posterior moderately attenuated, the base roundly arcuate; hinge of the type of that of M. squalida but more concentrated, the posterior car- THE NAUTILUS. 25 dinal more than half as long as the nymphal callosity; mus- cular scars large, the anterior deeply impressed; there is no subumbonal cavity; pallial sinus short, extending forward less than half the length of the shell, acute, subtriangular; margin of the valves smooth. Length of shell 158; height 135+ ; diameter of right valve 40 mm. A single slightly imperfect right valve was obtained on Magdalena Island. Than its nearest recent relative, M. squa- lida, it is larger, more rounded, much heavier, with a less uniformly smooth surface, and more concentrated hinge. In M. squalida the right posterior cardinal is less than one-third the length of the nymph, and the pallial sinus somewhat more than half as long as the shell. The type specimen is in the National Museum collection. It seems to be the heaviest Venerid of the coast except Tivela stultorum. Panope (generosa Gould var.?) taemata nu. sp.? Shell in a general way resembling P. generosa, from which it is best distinguished by a differential diagnosis. The shell of taeniata is more arcuate, more attenuated behind, less squarely truncate, the valve more inflated, with more of a cavity under the beak, with a shorter ligament, and with the posterior adductor scar nearly circular, while in generosa it forms an elongate oval; the anterior scar is also larger and wider than in generosa. Length of shell six and three-quarter inches, height three and seven-eighths, diameter of left valve an inch and a quarter. Compared with generosa the dimen- sions are as follows in millimeters. M. taenzata, lon. 170, alt. 103, diam. 60, truncation 65. M. generosa, lon. 172, alt. 97, diam. 48, truncation 78. The left valve of taeniata, from which this description is drawn up, has a narrow rounded low rib extending from near the beak to the lower margin near the base of the truncation, but none of the specimens of generosa show anything of the kind. This, however, may be an individual mutation and re- quires confirmation by other specimens. The valve described was found on the beach, probably washed out of the deposit from which the fossils were obtained. 26 THE NAUTILUS. Murex (Phyllonotus) stearnsti new species. Shell small, white, tinted with reddish brown on the varices of which there are eight, thick and wide, on the early whorls and seven on the last whorl; nucleus small, smooth, of two whorls, followed by about five subsequent whorls; shoulder high, rounded, the space between it and the suture pit-like between the varices; spiral sculpture of nine or ten low, strong ridges, incurved and guttered on the summit of the varices, with an intercalary series of smaller cords, the whole sharply spirally threaded and crossed by fine, rather sharp axial threads between the cords; aperture oval, hardly lirate, canal short, broad, almost closed, the base of the whorl some- what constricted. Height 50, diameter of shell 35, length of aperture and canal 33 mm. Fossil on Magdalena Island. Recent from Acapulco to Manta, Ecuador. This is nearest to P. humilis Broderip, of Panama, which has recurved spines, is generally more compact, and when adult much smaller. LIST OF SHELLS FROM ANGEL AND TIBURON ISLANDS, GULF OF CALI- FORNIA, WITH DESCRIPTION OF A NEW SPECIES. Collected by L. C. Decius and A. D. Fyfe, November, 1917. BY I. S. OLDROYD. ACANTHINA ANGELICA, I. Sp. Shell elongate with sloping shoulders, surface with heavy revolving striw crossed by fine longitudinal ribs, which over- lap forming a net-work; color grayish with markings of chocolate-brown here and there. Whorls five; aperture pur- plish within; columella straight, same color as aperture; outer lip thickened, dentate and with a strong tooth at its base. Alt. 26, diameter 13 mm. Canal short, open. It is nearest to Acanthina engonata Conr., but differs from it in slope of shoulders, sculpture, and color of aperture. Type is in the Stanford Collection. THE NAUTILUS. 27 Type locality, Redondo Bay, Angel Island, Gulf of Cali- fornia. ANGEL IsuAND SPECIES. Polanices recluzivana Desh. Columbella fuscata Sowb. Tria solandri Gray. Pecten subnodosa Sowb. Fusinus dupetithouarsi Kien. Bullaria gouldiana Pils. Pecten dentatus Sowb. Pododesma adamsi Gray. Arca multicostata Sowb. Chione undatella Sowb. Crucibulum imbricatum Brod. Turbo flexruosa Wood. Murez elenensis Dall. Cassis abreviata Lam. Conus dalla Stearns. Pinna rugosa Sby. Trivia solandri Gray. Cypraea annetta Dall. Phacoides sp. Cardita affinis Sby. Hipponix barbatus Sby. Nerita sp. Diplodonta orbella Gld. Opalia crenatoides Cpr. Terebra variegata Gray. Natica bifaciata Gray. Acanthina sp. worn. Cassis coarctata Gray. Pecten circularis Sowb. Phyllonotus bicolor Val. Olwella dama Mawe. Paphia grata Say. Modiolus modiolus Linn. Glycimeris giganteus Rve. Crepidula onyx Sby. Cerithium interruptum C. B. Ad. Conus regularis Sowb. Thais haemastoma Linn. Acanthina muricata Brod. Surcula olivaceus fumiculata Val. Chiton 2 sp. Chione fluctifraga Sowb. Turritella gonostoma Val. Alectrion versicolor C. B. Ad. Arca solida Sby. Tegula viridula reticulata Wood. Alectrion affinis Sby. Arca reeviana Orb. TrsuRON ISLAND SPECIES. Diplodonta sericata Rve. Paphia grata Say. Pecten dentata Sby. Hipponic antiquata Linn. Heterodonaz bimaculatus Orb. Arca reeviana Orb. Diplodonta orbella Qld. Olivella dama Mawe. Conus rimenes Gray. Cardita affinis Brod. Hipponiz barbata Sby. Pododesma adamsi Gray. 28 THE NAUTILUS. A NEW SPECIES OF CUSPIDARIA FROM MONTEREY. BY I. 8. OLDROYD, STANFORD UNIVERSITY, CALIFORNIA. CuspipariA (TROPIDOMYA) NANA, 2. sp. Shell small and slender; subventricose, the surface sculp- ture with numerous fine concentric lines of growth; the umbo anterior to the middle of the shell. Anterior portion obese, posterior slender, prolonged and slightly twisted, not gaping; with a suleus reaching from the umbones to the rear of the shell. Hinge with no lateral teeth, a small anterior cardinal in the right valve, ligament obsolete, internal resilium strong, set in a prominent, posteriorly inclined resilifer with a strong quadrate lithodesma immediately in front of it. Pallial sinus short rounded, margins entire. Length 25, height 13 mm. Type in the Oldroyd collection, Stanford University, Cal. Type locality, Monterey Bay, California. Living in clay. Two specimens were found. There is one specimen in the Hemphill collection, collected by Mr. Hemphill at Bolenas, California. ANOTHER ‘‘MARTYN”’. BY BRYANT WALKER. The arrival in this country of a third: four-volume copy of Martyn’s ‘‘Universal Conchologist’’ seems worthy of record, especially as this differs in several details from those that have been described by Dall, Johnson and Dautzenberg. It was obtained from Messrs. William Wesley and Son of London, England, and is now in my library. There is nothing to show who had previously owned it. The four volumes are bound as two in finely-tooled calf, 1 This is probably a fourth copy, as a four volume set was acquired a few years ago by the Academy of Natural Sciences, No. 406 Conch., of the library.—Ebs. THE NAUTILUS. 29 which was rather the worse for wear when received. The plates measure 12 1*/,, by 1014 inches. None of the circulars mentioned in connection with certain other copies are found with this. Bound in with the original indices is a MSS. index written in a large engrossing hand. The plates are numbered con- secutively in the upper right-hand corner in ink and evidently by the same hand that wrote the index, with the following exceptions: Plate 5 has no number at all; twenty-four plates have the original engraved numbers in the upper right-hand corner and eleven others, in addition to the written numbers in the upper corner, have the original engraved number, run- ning longitudinally with the page, in the lower right-hand corner. Of these thirty-five engraved numbers, three are simply numerals. The others have in addition to the number a letter appended. Thus plate 8 is engraved ‘‘Fig °® 8—d’”’ and plate 153 is engraved ‘‘Fig’ 153 —ppp’’. All of the plates with written numbers in volumes I[ and II are written ‘“No I’’, &e., while those in volumes III and IV, down to and including plate 155, are written ‘‘Fig. 81’’, &. The remain- ing plates have simply the numerals. In all of the four volumes there are considerable differences in the neat-lines surrounding the figures. Some have an inner border of three lines, of which the center one is much the heavier and an outer narrow one, while others have only a single heavy line for the inner border. Eighteen of the plates in volumes III and IV have no neat-lines at all. The neat- lines, when present, were evidently added by hand and not engraved. Plate 73 and eighteen others in volumes III and IV are initialed ‘‘H’’, evidently in the same handwriting as the written index, and plate 82 has endorsed on it: ‘‘ (26 plates) HY Two of the additional plates in volume IV are signed ‘‘E. Sewell’’, one in plain Roman letters and the other entirely in capital letters. Volumes I and II, with the possible deviations noted above, are in all other respects the same as the copy in the National Museum described by Dr. Dall in 1905, excepting: 30 THE NAUTILUS. (1) That the French title-page reads ‘‘Les Figures’’, &c., instead of ‘‘ Des Figures’’, as in that copy. (2) There are two plates numbered ‘‘30—1’’ and ‘‘30—2”’ giving an upper and under view of the shell figured, and two numbered ‘‘72—1’’ and ‘‘72—2’’. The written index states that ‘‘72—2’’ is a variety of ‘‘72—1’’, (3) Plates 43 and 59 have two views of the shell as in the Henderson copy, but plate 57 has only one figure as in the National Museum copy. The figures on plates 61 and 63 are also arranged as in the Henderson copy. Volumes III and IV have no separate title-pages, simply the engraved explanatory tables. These tables agree with those quoted by Dr. Dall from the Sydney copy except that the generic name is frequently omitted in the second column, usually from lack of room when a varietal name was given. The first species on plate 109 is given as ‘‘Pellis Armeni- ana’’ and not Arminiana. Plate 129 is indexed as ( Voluta) ‘‘ Aplustre Ducis Navalis’’. The second species on plate 135 is given as ‘‘ Denrachates’’. The first species on plate 137 is indexed as ‘‘Celata’’. Plate 143 is given as (Cochlea) ‘‘ Albida’’. Plate 154 is given as ‘‘Ostrea Echinata’’. The first species on plate 156 is indexed as ‘‘Tellina cin- namea.’’. There are forty-three plates in volume III. Plate 88 is a costate shell and would seem to agree with the name given in the engraved index. Plate 88* is a smooth shell. No specific names are given for either species in the written index. Plate 115 is duplicated. The first plate contains two fig- ures of the typical form of Amphidromus aureus (Martyn) corresponding to those given in the Manual of Conchology, XIII, pl. 54, figs. 70 and 71. The front view is of a sinistral specimen, the back view is from a dextral one. The second plate gives two views of a dextral specimen of the unstriped form corresponding to fig. 72 of the plate in the Manual of Conchology. Plate 116 is also duplicated and represents two color forms THE NAUTILUS. 31 of a beautiful sinistral Amphidromus, which I cannot assign to any of the species figured in the Manual of Conchology. The habitat is given as ‘‘Barbadoes’’, an impossibility, and the shells figured are stated to be in the cabinet of Mr. For- ster. In the introduction (p. 18) Martyn states that ‘‘For exquisite taste and judgment in the various subjects of Con- chology, Mineralogy and every other species of fossil bodies, perhaps no collector has more distinguished himself than Mr. Jacob Forster, to whose constant application in the pursuit of everything rare and beautiful in these branches it is chiefly owing that such matchless specimens now adorn his own, as well as other principal cabinets of Natural History in this kingdom”’, A very large proportion of the shells figured in volumes IIT and IV are stated to be in Mr. Forster’s collection. His ad- dress is given as ‘‘Piazza, Covent Garden’’. There are fifty-two plates in volume IV. In addition to the forty plates enumerated in the engraved index, there are twelve additional plates numbered 161 to 172 inclusive. It is probable that these plates are part, at least, of those prepared for the fifth volume before the project was abandoned as stated by Chenu (Dall, 1905, p. 420). No names are given on any of the plates except No. 169, which has the following legend in ink: ‘‘Strombus Fusus.”’ ‘‘This curious shell was taken up by the anchor of the Albion, East Indianman, in the Straits of Macassar (quere Sunda) in 1794 by Wm. Wells Esq’r and given to Mrs. Rob- son, who sold it and it was afterwards in the possession of Mr. Troward.’’ Only a portion of the species represented by these plates are identified in the written index. The following are named: Plate 161. Murex neritoideus eg i Lam.). 162. M. hippocastaneum 165. Cook’s Turbo. 169. Strombus fusus. 32 THE NAUTILUS. 170. ‘‘Same as 89.’’ 172. Murex babylonius. Plate 156 was represented only by a blank, but numbered, page in this copy when received. Through the courtesy of Mr. C. W. Johnson, I have been able to supply the omission by an admirable water-color copy of the plate in the copy owned by the Boston Society of Natural History. The written index, while of course of no scientific value, is of interest both as showing the changes that had been adopted in current nomenclature between the date of the engraved index and that of the written one and as affording an, at least, approximate date when the present copy was put together and bound. In the nomenclature of the species represented on the 160 plates covered by the engraved index, there are no less than 89 changes in generic and 87 in specific names in the written index. The accepted nomenclature of the written index is apparently that Gmelin, whose Systema Natura was published in 1788-1792. Thus the two species illustrated on plate 67 are given in the engraved index as Limax nucleus and L. faba. The former is now known as Cassidula nucleus (Martyn) and the latter as Partula faba (Martyn). In the written index both are referred to ‘‘Helix’’. According to Pilsbry (Man. Con., XX, p. 236) Gmelin was the first to designate the latter as ‘‘ Helix faba’’ in 1791, and according to Kuster (Con. Cab., Auriculacea, 1841, p. 29) he also referred nucleus to the same genus. Everything in the make-up of this copy seems to indicate that it must have been one of the latest copies issued and was made up of such plates as were then on hand. The entire omission of plate 156 would seem to show that there were no copies left of that plate. The numeration, part written, part engraved, and some both written and engraved; the lack of uniformity in the matter of the neat-lines and the addition of twelve plates not included in the original work, all point in the same direction. In the written index under plate 67 (Cyprea aurantium) is appended the following note: ‘‘N. B. See Ency. Brit., v. 9, THE NAUTILUS. 33 p. 508. A fine young shell of this species was brought from Guam, one of the Ladrona Islands in the Pacific Ocean near Japan, in 1822 and was sold for £25’’. This clearly fixes the date of the written index as later than 1822. Plate 67 has written on it in the lower corner in pencil and in a handwriting entirely different from that of the written index (presumably by some subsequent owner), ‘‘This is not plate 69’’. The same note and in the same handwriting also appears on plates 94, 111, 135 and 152. Possibly a comparison with a perfect copy would show that the missing plates are included in the additional plates in volume IV and were mis- placed by careless handling in arranging the plates for the binder. BOSTON MALACOLOGICAL CLUB. The Boston Malacological Club has held its regular meet- ings during the past season—its eighth year. These meetings have been well attended; many interesting papers have been given and specimens exhibited. The general enthusiasm and good-fellowship prevailing shows that the Club has a perma- nent place among the scientific activities of Boston. At the October meeting Mr. William F. Wells, Scientific Assistant in Shell-fish, U. S. Bureau of Fisheries, gave an interesting communication on the ‘‘Possibilities of Scientific Oyster Culture.’’ The Club also had the pleasure of a visit from Dr. William H. Dall, of the U. S. National Museum. In November the Rev. Oliver P. Emerson gave a talk on ‘*Collecting Achatinellide.’’ A residence in Hawaii for thirty-five years gave him every opportunity for studying these interesting shells and to make a large and beautiful collection. In December Mr. J. Henry Blake spoke on ‘‘Collecting at Provincetown, Mass.,’’ noting the many changes that have occurred affecting the molluscan fauna. Mr. C. J. Maynard spoke on collecting Cerion in the Bahamas. The Club at this 34 THE NAUTILUS. meeting also had the pleasure of a visit from Professor Wil- liam A. Bryan, of the College of Hawaii, Honolulu. He gave a very interesting account on the variation of species of Melaniide in different parts of the same stream. The January meeting was devoted to paleontology, Dr. Hervey W. Shimer, speaking on the Cephalopoda and Pelecy- poda, and Dr. Perey E. Raymond on the Gastropoda. In February Mr. Charles W. Johnson spoke on the varia- tion of Litorina rudis, L. obtusata palliata and Thais lapillus, illustrated by a large series of specimens from various local- ities on the New England coast and Europe. At the March meeting Dr. Edward C. Van Dyke, of San Francisco, spoke on collecting on the Pacific slope, and gave some interesting points bearing on the zoogeography of the region. It being the annual meeting, Mr. J. Henry Blake was elected president to succeed Mr. John Ritchie, Jr. In April Mr. John Ritchie, Jr.’s subject was ‘‘ Miscellany,’’ and Mr. Arthur F. Gray exhibited photographs and letters of noted conchologists. At the May meeting an interesting discussion was pre- sented by Professor Edward S. Morse on ‘‘Protective Colora- tion,’’ and by Mr. Francis N. Balch on ‘‘Problems of Colora- tion in Mollusca.’’ The field meeting of the year was to Fresh Pond, Cam- bridge, classic collecting ground for fresh-water mollusks. E. G@. Humpurey, Secretary. NOTES. OLIVELLA BIPLICATA ANGELENA, Var. NOV. This variety differs from Sowerby’s type in being more delicate and slender, with callous not so heavy, spire more elevated, sloping more gradually from the middle of the shell to the apex. Sowerby’s type came from Monterey and does not occur near San Pedro living, but is found fossil there in the Pliocene and lower Pleistocene. Variety angelena is found fossil in both the upper and lower San Pedro beds of the Pleistocene. THE NAUTILUS. 35 Length of type 27, width 13 mm. Type is in the Oldroyd collection, Stanford University. T. S. Ouproyp. PRESSODONTA rediviwa.—In some notes on the Unionide re- cently published (Occ. Papers, Mus. Zool., Univ. Mich., 49, 1918, p. 2) I proposed to replace Pressodonta Simp. (1900) by Calceola Sw. (1840) on the ground of priority, both groups having the same type. Dr. Dall has since called my attention to the fact that ‘‘Calceola was used by Lamarck in 1799 for a coral (long supposed to be a Brachiopod).’’ This restores Pressodonta to its place as the proper name for the subgenus. The error is one of the unfortunate results of not having access to a general scientific library —BrYANT WALKER. Mr. Horace F. Carpenter has presented to the City of Providence and has installed in the museum at Roger Wil- - liams Park his entire collection of minerals and shells. It consists of about 4,000 species of shells, 75,000 specimens, 1,200 species and varieties of minerals, over 200 rare chem- ical salts, and 50 wooden models of mineral crystals. A microscope with accessories for conchological and mineralog- ical work, and a library of about 200 volumes on natural his- tory and chemistry, worth about $1,500. This collection represents a life labor of 60 years. Mr. Carpenter has spent nearly a year in installing, arranging and labeling these specimens at the museum. PUBLICATIONS RECEIVED. Nores oN West AMERICAN CuHiTons, I. By S. Stillman Berry. Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., 4 ser., vol. vii, pp. 229-248., Sept. 1917 (received May 17, 1918). These interesting notes are based on a large and valuable collection made by Mr. George Willett in southern Alaska, comprising 25 species and 622 specimens. Two new species, Ischnochiton (Lepidozona) willetti and Placiphorella rufa, are described and figured, followed by a note on the genus Trachydermon. 36 THE NAUTILUS. PRELIMINARY DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW SPECIES OF PULMONATA OF THE GALAPAGOS IsLANDS. By W. H. Dall. Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., 4 ser., vol. ii, pt. 1, pp. 375-382, Dee. 1917 (re- ceived May 17, 1918). Thirteen new species of Bulimulus subgenus Naesiotus, a new Helicina and Williamia galapa- gana are described. Nore ON CHRYSODOMUS AND OTHER MOLLUSKS FROM THE NortH Paciric Ocean. By W. H. Dall. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 54, pp. 207-234, 1918. An exhaustive account of the genus and the allied forms now grouped under the family Chrysodomide. The nuclei or larval shells of the various genera present several distinct types and numerous mutations, ‘‘In many eases, as in Buccinum and Busycon, it was shown many years ago by Loven and others that a single ovicapsule contains a number of ova fertile and unfertile. The unfer- tile eggs serve as food for the larve developed from the fertile ones and there is a certain amount of competition between the larve in the capsule which results in the most vigorous larve getting more food and making a larger growth than the more weakly coinhabitants of the capsule. Thus at the time of leaving the capsule and coming into the outer world, it sometimes happens that there will be perceptible differences between the individuals issuing from a single capsule, not only in actual size but in the length of the coil of whorls and the size and compactness of the larval apex.’’ The rules of nomenclature necessitates the use of Chrysodomus instead of Neptunea. Under the genus Searlesia is placed the C. dirus of the west coast. The other genera comprising the family are: Ecphora, Colus, Siphonorbis, Kryptos, Plicifusus, Exiia, Volutopsius, Pyrulofusus, Beringius, Liomesus and Ancistro- lepis. Fifteen new species are described. C. W. J. NoTes ON THE NOMENCLATURE OF THE MOLLUSKS OF THE Famity Turritpa. By W. H. Dall. Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., vol. 54, pp. 313-333, 1918. A very useful and timely paper. THE NAUTILUS. Vol. SXXI1. OCTOBER, 1918. No. 2 THE AVICULA CANDEANA OF D’ORBIGNY, FROM BERMUDA. BY CHARLES W. JOHNSON. Among the mollusca collected by Mr. Owen Bryant at Ber- muda in the summer of 1903, was a specimen referable to the genus Malleus of authors. At the time I urged Mr. Bryant to describe it and he started to do so. Ido not wonder that the monographs in the Conchologia Iconica (Vol. XI) and in the Conchylien Cabinet (VIII, 1) baffled him, and when I showed him d’Orbigny’s description of Avicula candeana in La Sagra’s Cuba, he ‘‘ threw up the sponge,”’ and on leaving Boston turned the specimen over to me. The specimen was put aside, and the press of museum work has prevented me from recording this interesting shell before. At this time the pleasure of doing so is greatly marred by the possibility that the appropriate and familiar name of Malleus Lamarck 1799, might have to fall before the older name of Pinctado Bolten, 1798. My friend Mr. Charles Hedley in his list of the mollusca of New South Wales, ingeniously places Malleus vulgaris under the genus Pinctado and M. albus under Malleus. This is a very nice way of arranging them so as to retain the old genus Malleus; but do they really represent two genera? What shall we do with all of the smaller, auriculate forms? Although the species seem difficult to separate in the early stages of their growth, the adult shells of the auriculate species are quite readily sepa- rated from the true ‘‘ hammer oysters,’’ and the simplest plan would be to adopt provisionally a third name to cover these. 38 THE NAUTILUS. In 1884 De Gregorio proposed the name Fundel/a for a shell, with the hinge as in Mallevs; structure of the shell and inequality of the valves as in Ostrea; cardinal line straight, and a wing as in Avicula, shell gaping on one side; external aspect of the summits as in Anomia; interior as in Ostrea. Type F. lioyi, n. sp., 25 mm., in a sponge from the abyssal zone of the medi- terranean, off Tunis. E. von Martens, who compiled the mol- lusca in the Zool. Record for 1884, in commenting on the species says: ‘‘ photograph, not very clear figure, much re- sembles the young state of Malleus regula (Forsk.) from the Red Sea.’? Fischer in his Manuel makes Fundella a section of Malleus, with the following diagnosis: anterior ear obsolete, and with a longitudinal, median ridge on the interior of the valves; giving as the type, M@/. candeanus @’Orbigny. Did Fischer con- sider De Gregorio’s species to be the same as d’Orbigny’s? I am inclined to think he did. From the description and figures I see no characters to separate them. Orbigny looked upon it as a deformed Avicula (Pteria), with the characteristics of that genus when young and of Mallevs when in the adult stage. Dr. Dall under Electroma Stoliczka, (type Avicula smaragdina Reeve) says: ‘‘The latter (Electroma) may be represented in the recent fauna of the Antilles by Avicula candeana Orb., which seems to owe its characters to commensalism with sponges.’’ FUNDELLA CANDEANA (d’Orbigny). Avicula candeana d@’Orb. Hist. de Cuba, La Sagra, Moll. II, 343, pl. 28, figs. 25-27, 1853. Malleus vesiculatus Reeve, Conch. Icon. (Malleus) XI, pl. 3, fig. 12, 1858. Malleus rufipunctatus Reeve, Conch. Icon., XI, pl. 3, fig. 8, 1858. Fundella lioyi De Gregorio, Bull. Soc. Mal. Ital., X, 73, pl. 4, fig. 6, 1884. Malleus candeanus Fischer, Manuel de Conch., p. 954, 1887. Electroma (?) candeana Dall., Trans. Wagner Free Inst. Sci., III, pt. 4, p. 668, 1898. The shell in question was removed from a coralline growth and is greatly deformed as so many of the species of this group THE NAUTILUS. 39 usually are. It measures 45 mm. in length and is of a dark purplish color, with a dull vellowish margin; the structure of the shell is vesiculate, making it thin and brittle; umbones smooth followed by a radial sculpture, which soon changes to irregular, concentric laminae. At this point the growth of the shell was arrested and commenced to grow at right angles to the hinge; byssal opening large, affecting both valves. The pallial line is conspicuously raised, forming a deep, nacre-lined body cavity; from about the middle of the pallial line and extending to the margin of the shell is a median, longitudinal ridge. The object of this ridge seems to be that of strengthening the thin vesiculate portion of the shell, for it is much more prominent in the smaller than in the larger and thicker species, including the two ‘‘hammer oysters.’’ This ridge is not present in Pteria. From the descriptions and figures given by Reeve, this species cannot be satisfactorily separated from several species from the Pacific, especially Malleus vesiculatus from Isle of Plata, West Columbia. It also resembles except in color M. rufipwnctatus and M. aquatilis from the same locality. The metropolis of the Malleaceae being the Central Pacific, their presence in the Antillean waters might possibly be due to water connection by the Isthmus of Panama during the late Eocene or early Oligocene, a period when so many of the ana- logous species now living on the west coast of Central America and in the West Indies, probably had a common origin, but its occurrence in the Mediterranean makes this theory less plausi- able. EXPLANATION OF PLaTE III. Fies. 1 and 2. Fundella candeana (d@’Orb.). Bermuda. Speci- men in the Museum of Comparative Zoology. Fies. 3 and 4. Fundella candeana (d’Orb.). From a _ photo- graph of d’Orbigny’s figures. Fic. 5. Malleus rwfipunctatus Reeve. From a_photo- graph of Reeve’s figure. Fic. 6. Malleus vesiculatus Reeve. From a photograph of Reeve’s figure. 40 THE NAUTILUS. A MOLLUSK HUNT IN WYOMING. BY JUNIUS HENDERSON. The recent molluscan fauna of Wyoming is probably less known than that of any other state in the Union. A number of mountain chains, more or less isolated by broad expanses of plains unfavorable to land snails, promise interesting results from a conchological exploration of the region, especially with reference to the genus Oreoheliz. I have long looked in that direction with covetous eyes. In 1917 it was my privilege to spend the two weeks from August 23 to September 7 in that region, in company with Edward L. Schwabe. We traveled hastily by auto, with camp outfit, passing almost entirely across the state from south to north. The great distance traveled, together with long stretches of barren territory between collect- ing places, and the lack of opportunity for side trips into more favorable territory, prevented great results, but we obtained an acquaintance with the region that will be invaluable in planning another and longer season’s work in the future. Unfortunately the war conditions have prevented a continuance of the work during the present year. Dr. H. A. Pilsbry has rendered val- ued assistance in the determination of some of the land shells, and Dr. Bryant Walker has identified or confirmed the identity of most of the fresh-water snails. The Pisidia, of which we found very few, were submitted to Dr. V. Sterki some time ago, but as yet I have no report from him. In the card index of the University of Colorado Museum, I find noted the published records of the following species and subspecies for Wyoming: Columella alticola (Ing.) Euconulus fulvus alaskensis Pils. Lymnea apicina Lea Lymnea binneyi Tryon Lymnea elodes var.? Lymnea jacksonensis Baker Lymnea proxrima Lea Lymnea traski Tryon Oreohelix cooperi (W. G. B.) Oreohelix coopert minor (CklL.) THE NAUTILUS. 41 Oreoheliz: coopert maxima Pils. Oreohelic pygmea Pils. Oreohelic strigosa Gld. (depressa Ckll.?) Oreohelic strigosa extremitatis Pils. & Ferr. Physa sayi Tappan Planorbis bicarinatus (antrosus Conr.) Pomatwopsis robusta Walker Pupula muscorum (1L.) Pyramidula cronkhitet anthonyt Pils. Pyramidula striatella Anth. Succinea avara Say Vallonia cyclophorella Ancey Vitrina pfeiffert Newe. (alaskana Dall) Oreohelic cooperi minor should be eliminated from the list, because, in the first place, a re-examination of the material so recorded shows that it is true cooperi, and in the second place, investigations recently carried on by me at the type locality of minor convince me that the small form so named was based upon examples merely dwarfed by adverse conditions in one portion of a normal cooper: colony. Baker has placed the Ft. Bridger record of Lymnca elodes var. in the synonymy of L. palustris. The Pyramidula striatella record is probably P. c. anthonyt, which would still further reduce the list, but it may possibly be P. shimeki cockerelli Pils. Pupilla mus- corum is probably P. m. cerobia Pils., but one cannot be cer- tain of it. Physa sayz is doubtful, but if not that, it refers to some other Physa, so its elimination would not reduce the number of species. This leaves a list of about 22 species, 12 of which are confined to two genera, with no recorded pele- eypods at all. Possibly some recorded species have been over- looked by me. The only large land snails are in the genus Oreoheliz; Polygyra, which occurs to the northward in Mon- tana, not having been found in Wyoming. Oreohelix is an ancient genus in the state, O. grangert Ckll. & Hend. and O. megarche Ckll. & Hend. occurring in rocks of Eocene age. Our two weeks’ work, besides furnishing new localities for some of the species already recorded from the state, adds the following species, including four additional genera, two of ’ which are pelecypods: 42 THE NAUTILUS. Agrwlimax campestris (Binn.) Ferrissia rivularis Say Lampsilis ventricosa (Barnes) Lymnea bulimoides cockerelli Pils. & Ferr Lymnea caperata Say Lymnea humilis modicella Say? Lymnea obrussa Say Physa anatina Lea Physa gyrina Say Physa integra Hald.? Physa sayi warreniana Lea? Physa walkeri Crand. Planorbis parvus Say Vallonia gracilicosta Reinh. Zonitoides arborea (Say) In a recent paper Daniels and I asserted the probable oc- currence of L. b. cockerelli in Wyoming, which is now con- firmed. Following is an account of the stations visited and the mol- lusks obtained at each: Sta. 232, reservoir where the road from Cheyenne to Cas- per crosses Lodgepole Creek, about thirteen miles north of Cheyenne. Pisidium sp. Agriolimas campestris ( Binn.) Lymnea obrussa Say Physa sayti warreniana Lea? Planorbis parvus Say Succinea avara Say Vallonia graciicosta Reinh. Sta. 233, a branch of Bear Creek, north of Horse Creek. Pisidium sp. Lymnea obrussa Say Physa walkeri Crand. Sta. 234, small reservoir six miles northeast of Wheatland. Lymnea caperata Say Physa gyrina Say Planorbis parvus Say Sta. 235. bridge over Laramie river. below Uva. THE NAUTILUS. 43 Lampsilis ventricosa (Barnes) Lymnea obrussa Say Lymnea humilis modicella Say? (two specimens) Oreoheliz coopert (W. G. B.) Pyramidula cronkhitei anthonyi Pils. Succinea avara Say Vallonia gracilicosta Reinh. Zomtoides arborea (Say) Physa gyrina Say Physa integra Hald.? Planorbis parvus Say Only a single broken example of the Oreohelix was found, in the river bottom, and it may have been brought by the stream from far away in the spring flood. Sta. 236, creek bottom about ten or twelve miles north of Uva, under willows and cottonwoods. Vallonia gracilicosta Reinh. Vitrina alaskana Dall. Zonitoides arborea (Say) Sta. 237, five miles northwest of Douglas, in a small spring brook. Lymnea obrussa Say Physa gyrina Say Planorbis parvus Say Sta. 238, Boxelder Creek, about 18 or 20 miles northwest of Douglas. Ferrissia rwularis Say Lymne@a obrussa Say Physa gyrina Say Planorbis parvus Say Pyramidula cronkhitei anthony? Pils. Succinea avara Say Vallonia gracilicosta Reinh. Vitrina alaskana Dall Zonitoides arborea (Say) Sta. 239, a very small reservoir formed by throwing an earth dam across a dry draw to catch the storm waters for stock, four miles west of Arminta. A few very rotten shells of Lymnea bulimoides cockerelli Pils. & Fer. were found. 44 THE NAUTILUS. Many dead salamanders were along the bank and a few live ones were seen in the water. This shallow water-hole did not look as though it could have existed very long, and it was a long distance from any other water. We were much surprised to see several great blue herons fly from the water at our ap- proach, and wondered what they were feeding upon, or we should not have looked for any mollusks there. It would be interesting to know by what agency they got there. Hand (Nautitus, X XVII, 1914, p. 144) noted Planorbis vermicu- laris in a small artificial pond in California, and raised